II. STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE

A. Phonetics and Phonology

Oriya Grapheme to Phoneme relation and rule

Oriya Pronunciation

Some of the notable features of Oriya are

1. This is a syllabic alphabet in which all the consonants have an inherent vowel. Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before or after the consonants they belong to, are used to change the inherent vowel [ɔ].
2. When they appear in the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent letters.
3. When certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used which combine the essential parts of each letter.
4. Unlike English writing, there is a great deal of correrspondence between Oriya writing and pronunciation. This correspondence, however, is not total. For example: there are two letters ଜand ଯ, called bɔrgjɔ ʤɔ and ɔntɔst^hɔ ʤɔ, respectively. Both, however, are usually pronounced alike. ଜ and ଯ have separate historical sources. ଯ has the same sources as the letter ୟ , which is called jɔ. Usually, ୟ does not occur in word-initial positions, where ଯ occurs. There are, however, some exceptions.
5. Similarly, there are three letters in Oriya for the three sibilant sounds: ସ for dental [s], ଶ for palatal [ś]and ଷ for retroflex [ṣ]. However, in common Oriya speech, all these three letters are pronounced alike.

Phonemes in Oriya

Vowels

i   ଇ

u	ଉ

e:	ଏ

o 	ଓ

a	ଆ

ɔ	ଅ

			
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Consonants

voiced – ସଘୋଷ ↝ ଘ, ଜ, ଝ, ଡ, ଢ, ଣ, ଦ, ଧ, ନ, ବ, ଭ, ମ, ଯ, ର, ଳ, ଲ, ଵ, ହ
voiceless – ଅଘୋଷ ↝ କ, ଖ, ଚ, ଛ, ଟ, ଠ, ତ, ଥ, ପ, ଫ, ସ
aspirated – ମହାପ୍ରାଣ ↝ ଖ, ଘ, ଛ, ଝ, ଠ, ଢ, ଥ, ଧ, ଫ, ଭ
unaspirated - ଅଳ୍ପପ୍ରାଣ ↝ କ, ଗ, ଚ, ଜ, ଟ, ଡ, ତ, ଦ, ପ, ବ

Place and Manner of Articulation

Description of the Oriya Vowels

ଅ = a [ɔ] ↝ It is pronounced as an inherent vowel just after all the consonant sounds. It is also used as an independent vowel before and after the consonant at the grapheme level. It is a rounded back vowel from the point of view of articulation. There is no allograph available in the Oriya writing system for this vowel. In this case, the grapheme and phoneme relation is linear. It occurs in the entire context i.e. word initially, word medially, and word finally. For example,

word initially 		word medially 		word finally
ଅଦା /ɔda:/ ginger		କନା /kɔna:/ cloth		ଘର /ghɔrɔ/ house
ଅଟା /ɔʈa:/ flour		ଗଛ / gɔtʃhɔ/ tree		କଳମ /kɔlɔmɔ/ pen
						ଖାଅ /kha: ɔ/ eat

ଆ = ā [a:] ↝ It is an independent rounded central vowel. The allograph of this vowel exists in the right hand side of the consonants. But the independent grapheme of ଆ occurs in both the left and right hand side of the consonants in the writing system. It occurs in all the word initial, medial, and final position. For example,

word initially 		word medially		word finally
ଆସ/a:sɔ/please come 	ସାପ/sa:pɔ/snake		ଛତା/tʃhɔta:/umbrella
ଆଗ/a:gɔ/front		ରାତି/ra:ti/ night		ଳୁହା/luha:/iron

ଇ = i [i] ↝ It is an unrounded front vowel. It is a short vowel. It’s allograph or matra always occurs above the consonants. It occurs in all the three positions. For example,

word initially 		word medially 		word finally
ଇଟା /iʈa:/brick 		ଳିପି /lipi/ script 		ଉଇ /ui/ worm
ଇତି /iti/ end 		ନିଯମ /nijɔmɔ/ rule 		ମୁନି  /muni/ sage

ଈ = ī [i:] ↝ This Oriya front unrounded vowel is different from ଇ at the grapheme level, but both these vowels are same at the phonetic level. However, ଇ and ଈ are treated as the short and long vowel respectively. The sign or matra or allograph of this long vowel ଈ occurs at the right hand side of the consonants, when it comes with consonants. It also occurs in all the positions. For example,

word initially 		word medially 	        	word finally
ଈଶ /i:śɔ/ ‘ISa’ 		ଗୀତ /gi:tɔ/ ‘song’ 	        	ଆଈ /a:i:/ ‘grandmother’
ଈଶ୍ବର /i:śwɔrɔ/ ‘God’ 		ଶରୀର /śɔri:rɔ/ ‘body’     	ନାରୀ /na:ri:/ ‘woman’

ଉ = u [u] ↝ This is a high back rounded short vowel in Oriya. The vowel sign of ଉ comes at the bottom/below side of the consonants. It comes in all the positions. For example,

word initially 		word medially 		word finally
ଉଚିତ /utʃitɔ/ ‘ought to’ 	କୁକୁର /kukurɔ/ ‘dog’ 		କାଉ /ka:u/ ‘crow’
ଉପର /upɔrɔ/ ’upper’		ପୁଅ /puɔ/  son’ 		ବାୟଯୁ /ba:ju/  ’air’

ଊ = ū [u:] ↝ It has the same phonetic value like ଉ but they differ at the grapheme level. The matra or sign of this ଊ vowel occurs below the consonants.

word initially 		word medially 		word finally
ଊରୁ /u:ru/ ‘thigh’ 		ମୂକ /mu:kɔ/ ‘dumb’
ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ /urddhɔ/ ‘high’ 		ମଯୂର /mɔju:rɔ/ ‘peacock’

ଋ = [rɨ] /ru/ and ଋ = [rɨ] /ruu/ ↝ These two vowels are treated as the same. ଋ is pronounced as /ru/ or /ri/, so it does not have any sound of its own. It is the case with ଋ. Both the graphemes of ଋ and ଋ are directly corresponding to the sound of /ru/ ରୁ and /ri/ eÞ which are considered as the Oriya consonants along with the matras. ଋ can be treated as a short trill sound and ଋ as a long trill sound. The positions of occurrences of ଋ and ଋ are given in the examples.

word initially 					      word medially
FZ /rɨɳɔ/ ‘interest’    LóiL /krɨṣɔkɔ/ ‘farmer’     @^ÞLó[/adhikrɨtɔ/ ‘acquired’
GiÞ /rɨṣi/ ‘sage’

H = e [e:] ↝ It is an unrounded front vowel. It is treated as both short and long vowel. It occurs in all the positions i.e. word initially, medially, and finally. The vowel sign H occurs in the left hand side of the consonants at the grapheme level but the vowel sound comes after the consonant sound such as ÒM is pronounced as /k^he:/.

word initially 		  word medially 	       	    word finally
HL /e:kɔ/ ‘one’		  ÒcO /me:ghɔ/ ‘cloud’         ]ÞÒ_ /dine:/ ‘one day’
H\ÞeÊ /e:thiru/ ‘from this’ 	  Òhi /śe:ṣɔ/ ‘finish’             cÐÒj /ma:se:/ ‘one month’

I = ai [ɔ] ↝ This is a diphthong. It is a combination of two Oriya vowels @ and B. It has its own independent allograph sign i.e. “Ò ß”, which comes in the left “Ò” and above “ ß” of the consonant grapheme. However, the sound of the diphthong comes after the sound of consonant. Thus the relation between the allograph and the sound is not linear. This diphthong sound occurs in the word initial, medial, and final positions, but the independent grapheme I does not occur word medially and finally. For example,

word initially 		  		word medially
IeÐa[ /ɔira:bɔtɔ/ ‘a proper name’ 	Òjß_ÞL /sɔinikɔ/ ‘soldier’
ILÔ /ɔikjɔ/ ‘unity’ 			Òhßha /śɔiśɔbɔ/ ‘childhood’

J = o [o] ↝ It is rounded back middle vowel. The allograph of this vowel is a combination of “Ò” and “Д i.e. “Ò Ð” for example “ÒLД, “ÒNД, etc. So, the first portion of the allograph of this J vowel occurs at the left side of the consonant and second portion come after the consonant. There is no short-long vowel distinction for this sound. The occurrences of this grapheme are given below.

word initially 		  	word medially
JV /oʈɔ/ ‘camel’		ÒQÐe / tʃorɔ/ ‘thief’        LÒ`Ð[ /kɔpotɔ/’dove’
JS_ /oʤɔnɔ/ ‘weight’   ÒbÐS_ /bhoʤɔnɔ/ ‘meal’  `eÞÒhÐ^ /pɔriśodhɔ/ ‘give back’

K = au [ɔu] ↝ This is also an Oriya diphthong. It is a combination of two Oriya vowels @ and D. The matra or the sign or the allograph of “K” occurs at some portion in the left, above and right hand side of the consonant. So, the relation between the diphthong allograph/grapheme and the sound is nonlinear. The grapheme “K” occurs only in the word initial position, but the sound occurs in all the positions. For example,

word initially 		  	word medially
Ki^ /ɔuṣɔdhɔ/ medicine 	Ò_ßÐLÐ /nɔuka:/ boat 
ÒjßÐMÑ_ /sɔukhi:nɔ/luxurious

Despite the above two diphthongs (“ɔi” and “ɔu”), the Oriya speakers pronounce a number of vowel combinations such as /āi/ [a:i] “AB”, /ia/ [iɔ] “B@”, /iā/ [ia:] “BA”, /ua/ [uɔ] “D@”, /uā/ [ua:] “DA”, etc. as a syllabic unit at the speech level. But the allograph and the independent signs/graphemes of the above said combinations are not available in the script or the writing system.

Description of the Oriya Consonants

A consonant cannot be fully pronounced without the help of a vowel. @= a [ɔ] remains inherent in every consonant in its ordinary form, such as L (k+ɔ) = Lç + @, M (k^h + ɔ) = Mç + @, etc. But when a consonant is without any vowel it takes a halanta ( ç ) below it and is written as Lç, Mç, Nç, etc.

L = k [k] ↝ In Oriya, the grapheme ‘L’ directly corresponds with the phoneme ‘L’. ‘L’ is a velar stop voiceless unaspirated sound. It occurs word initially, medially, and finally. It takes all the vowel allograph sign on the basis of the rule at the level of writing system but the sound of all the vowel allograph occurs just after the consonant ‘ka’ sound. The consonant structure or onset portion of velar stop sound ‘L’ is not clear when it is preceded by the voiced as well as voiceless fricative sound in syllabic initial position. Due to the above regions, the quality of consonant sound has been changed in syllable medially which also affects the quality of vowel sound. It has no allograph sign but it has its own conjunct sign, which is placed below the consonant. Thus, the ‘L’ conjunct form can occur initially, medially, and finally in a word.

word initially 			word medially 		word finally
LÐ_ /ka:nɔ/ ear 			`ÐBÜ /pa:iɱ/ for 		\ÐL /tha:kɔ/ shelf
L\Ð /kɔtha:/ talk 		QÐLe /tʃa:kɔrɔ/ servant 	LÐeL /ka:rɔkɔ/ case

M = kh [k^h] ↝ The grapheme and phoneme relation is not one to one correspondence in case of velar voiceless aspirated ‘M’ sound because in certain cases the aspirated value has been loosened. It is velar stop voiceless aspirated sound. It occurs initially, medially, and finally in a word. It can take all the vowel allograph sign in all contexts. But the ‘M’ grapheme never takes ‘ɔi’ and ‘ɔu’ allograph in word final. In continuous speech, the vowel-to-vowel transition sound occurs in word final. The independent vowel grapheme occurs both at left and right side of the consonant sound.

word initially 			word medially 		word finally
MV /khɔʈɔ/ cot 			AMXÏÐ /a:khɔɖa:/ arena 	LÐM /ka:khɔ/ arm pit
MVÐ /khɔʈa:/ sour 		AMÊ /a:khu/ sugarcane 	eM /rɔkhɔ/ keep

N = g [g] ↝ The consonant ‘N’ is considered as a stop voiced unaspirated velar sound. It has its own grapheme. It takes all the vowel allograph sign on the basis of Oriya writing system. The grapheme and phoneme relation is not one to one relation, because the physical behaviour of ‘N’ sound differs from word medial to word final.

word initially 		 word medially		       word finally
NR /gɔtʃhɔ/ tree 		 AN«ÊL /a:gɔntukɔ/ guest    hÐN /śa:gɔ/ green leave
N` /gɔpɔ/ story 		@NZÐ /ɔgɔɳa:/ yard 	       bÐN /bha:gɔ/ share

O = gh [g^h] ↝ The grapheme and phoneme of Oriya ‘O’ sound is not one to one relation. In medial and final syllable, the velar stop voiced aspirated sound of ‘O’ has been changed due to the preceding voiced influence. When the ‘O’ combines with any Oriya conjunct consonant sign, the sound of ‘O’ always comes first and after that vowel sound comes.

word initially					word finally
Oe /ghɔrɔ/ house					cÐO /ma:ghɔ/ name of a month
OVZÐ /ghɔʈɔɳa:/ incident			ÒcO /meghɔ/ cloud
word medially
OÐOeÐ /gha:ghɔra:/ one type of dress
OXÏOXÏ /ghɔṛɔghɔṛɔ/ creaking sound

P = ṅ [ŋ] ↝ It is called as the velar nasal consonant sound. The grapheme as well as phoneme occurs in word medial and final. When it combines with consonant it produces consonant conjunct sound. It has its own allograph, which is placed in right side of the velar consonant sound. In the continuous speech the velar nasal sound feature can read more than one phoneme.

word medially			       	word finally
mPçO_ /lɔŋghɔnɔ/ violation 		dlçPÐ /ʤɔkṣŋa:/ one disease
ALÐPçlÐ /a:ka: ŋkhja:/ deep hope

Q = c [tʃ] ↝ The grapheme phoneme relation in case of palatal voiceless unaspirated sound is not one to one. In medial and final syllable case the voiced sound preceding the ‘Q’ has loosened the frication. That type of variation in some cases is negligible. Unlike every consonant it takes all the vowel allograph on the basis of writing system of Oriya. It has no allograph form. But this grapheme can be placed under the other consonant grapheme in order to form a conjunct consonant. It also takes the velar nasal grapheme ‘U’ and makes a conjunct sound and grapheme. In this case, sound of the consonant comes later and the allograph ‘U’ sound comes first. But in all other cases the allograph sound of the vowels comes just after the consonant sound. The grapheme and sound occurs initially, medially and finally in a word. The conjunct form of consonant can marginally occur initially in a word, but frequently occur in word medially and finally.

word initially 		  word medially		   	word finally
QL/tʃɔkɔ/wheel 		  `eÞQ¯ /pɔritʃɔjɔ/ identity   `QÐ/pɔtʃa:/ rotten
QicÐ /tʃɔṣɔma:/ spectacle   aÞQÐe /bitʃa:rɔ/ decision 	_ÐQ /na:tʃɔ/ dance

R = ch [tʃ^h] ↝ It is classified as a stop voiceless aspirated palatal sound. It has no allograph sign but when it combines with other consonant it can perform as a conjunct consonant. It occurs initially, medially and finally in a word. It also takes all the vowel, allograph and palatal nasal sound grapheme ‘U’ and forms conjunct sound and grapheme, but it never takes palatal voiceless unaspirated velar and palatal grapheme for the conjunct form.

word initially 		 word medially		         word finally
R[eÐ /tʃhɔtɔra:/ rascal Ò]BR«Þ /deitʃhɔnti/ has given  cÐR /ma:tʃhɔ/ fish
RZ /tʃhɔɳɔ/ straw 	   @R«Þ /ɔʃhɔnti/ is here 	cÐRÞ /ma:tʃhi/ flies

S = j [ʤ] ↝ It is counted as a stop voiced unaspirated palatal sound. It has no allograph sign but when it combines with consonant it can perform as a conjunct consonant. It takes all the vowel allograph on the basis of writing system and also takes the palatal nasal sound ‘U’ and also makes conjunct grapheme. When it takes ‘U’, the sound of ‘U’ comes first and ‘S’ sound comes later. In this case the grapheme and phoneme relation is not linear. The sound occurs initially, medially and finally in a word.

word initially 		 word medially		       word finally
S__Ñ /ʤɔnɔni:/ mother jÊS_ /suʤɔnɔ/ good man     mÐS /la:ʤɔ/ shy
S¯ /ʤɔjɔ/ victory 	@ÒS¯ /ɔʤejɔ/ invincible SÐkÐS /ʤa:ha:ʤɔ/ ship

T = jh [ʤ^h] ↝ It is considered as stop voiced aspirated palatal sound. When it combines with the nasal palatal sound allograph ‘U’ it makes independent conjunct grapheme and sound. It can occur initially, medially and finally in a word. Due to the allophonic nature of sound in medial and final syllable, in certain context, the grapheme and phoneme relation is not linear. It takes all the vowel allograph according to the Oriya writing system and it never takes the velar nasal sound ‘P’. It has conjunct form of grapheme.

word initially 		 	word medially
TeZÐ/ʤhɔrɔɳa:/stream 	aÊTÞaÐ/buʤhiba:/to understand
TÞ@ /ʤhiɔ/ girl 			jÞTÞaÐ /siʤhiba:/ boiled 
word finally
ÒaÐT /boʤhɔ/burden

U = ñ [ɲ] ↝ It is classified phonetically as a voiced palatal nasal sound. It has its own conjunct form of grapheme and sound. It is placed optionally in left side of the consonant at writing level. When it combines with all palatal sound, the conjunct form of grapheme and sound comes into existence. U has the mixed nasal sound of B and @Ü. It occurs only with Q, R, S, and T, and is pronounced like a simple ‘n’ as in punch, lunch, etc.

word medially		       		word finally
LÐq_ /ka:ɲtʃɔnɔ/ flower 		dÐQUÐ /ʤa:tʃɔɲa:/ solicitation
Qqf /tʃɔɲtʃɔɭɔ/ quick 		`%Ð /pɔɲʤha:/ claws

V = ṭ [ʈ] ↝ The sound is considered as a stop voiceless unaspirated retroflex. It has conjunct form of consonant sign, which is placed below the consonant grapheme. The grapheme can occur in word initially, medially and finally. When consonant sound conjunct with ‘V’ the sound of consonant comes first and conjunct form of consonant sound comes later. This geminate form of consonant sound can occur initially, medially and finally in a word.

word initially 		 word medially			word finally
V*Ð/ʈɔŋka:/ rupee 	aÐÒVÐB/ba:ʈoi/ passerby 	JV/oʈɔ/ camel
VÐ=ÞA/ʈa:ŋgia:/ axe 	LVL/kɔʈɔkɔ/ Cuttack 		MVÐ/khɔʈa:/ sour

W = ṭh [ʈ^h] ↝ The sound is considered as a stop voiceless aspirated retroflex. It has no allograph sign. The small form of grapheme is placed under the consonant in order to perform a conjunct grapheme and consonant plus consonant geminates sound. The sound of the consonant comes first and the conjunct consonant grapheme sound comes later. When consonant combines with ‘W’, the sound can occur initially, medially and finally in a word. The retroflex and dental sibilant along with the nasal sound takes the allograph sound always.

word initially 	       word medially		                       word finally
WL/ʈhɔkɔ/ cheater     LÐWÊeÞA/ka:ʈhuria:/ wood-cutter    @WÐ /ɔʈha:/ gum
WÐLÊe /ʈha:kurɔ/ God   LÒWÐe/kɔʈhorɔ/ merciless 	   `ÞWÐ/piʈha:/ cake

X = ḍ [ɖ] ↝ It is counted as a voiced unaspirated retroflex sound. It has no allograph. But when the grapheme is placed below the consonant it forms a conjunct sound and grapheme. The conjunct consonant does not occur in word initially at the writing as well as pronunciation level. But it can occur in word medially and finally. The independent grapheme and sound of ‘X’ can occur initially, medially and finally in a word.

word initially 		 word medially		   word finally
XaÐ/ɖɔba:/ box 		NXÞaÐ/gɔɖiba:/ lie down    SXÞ/ʤɔɖi/ roots
XÐf/ɖa:ɭ ɔ/ branch 	`XÞaÐ/pɔɖiba:/ to fall 	   TX/ʤhɔɖɔ/ storm

Y = ḍh [ɖ^h] ↝ It is classified as a stop voiced aspirated retroflex sound. It has no allograph sign. When the grapheme is placed below the other consonant it behaves as a conjunct consonant and the sound is considered as a geminate consonant sound. The conjunct form frequently occurs in word medially and finally rather than initially. But the independent grapheme can occur in word initially, medially and finally. The conjunct form usually occurs with nasal retroflex sound ‘Z’.

word initially 		 word medially		          word finally
YÐm /ɖha:lɔ/ shield 	aÒYBaÐ /bɔɖheiba:/ to grow JY /oɖhɔ/ to cover
ÒYD /ɖheu/ wave 	LÒYB /kɔɖhei/ pan 	         jY /sɔɖhɔ/ to suffer

Z = ṇ [ɳ] ↝ It is classified as a nasal retroflex voiced sound and when it combines with other consonant sound it can perform as a conjunct consonant. The conjunct form of consonant sign is placed below the consonant sound and a conjunct consonant is formed. The ‘Z’ sound and its conjunct form of sound does not occur word initially but it occurs in word medially and finally. It takes all the vowel allograph sign according to the rules of Oriya writing system.

word medially		       		word finally
@ZLÐ /ɔɳɔka:/ one kind of spoon 	NÊZ /guɳɔ/ quality
LZÞLÐ /kɔɳika:/ particle 			mÊZ /luɳɔ/ salt

[ = t [t] ↝ It is considered as a stop voiceless unaspirated dental ‘[’ sound. It has its own consonant sign, which is placed below the consonant. This consonant sign is never considered as an allograph sign. When it combines with consonant it behaves like a conjunct form of consonant and behaves like a geminate consonant sound. The independent grapheme and sound takes all the vowel allograph sign according to the Oriya system. It occurs initially, medially and finally in a word.

word initially 		 word medially		       	word finally
[ÐmÐ /ta:la:/ lock 		dÐ[_Ð /ʤa:tɔna:/ sorrow 	c[ /mɔtɔ/ opinion
[ÐeÐ /ta:ra:/ star 		@[e /ɔtɔrɔ/ scent 		j[ /sɔtɔ/ true

\ = th [t^h] ↝ It is considered as a stop voiceless aspirated dental sound. The sound and grapheme occurs initially, medially and finally in a word. The sound has no allograph sign but it has its own consonant sign, which is placed below the consonant. When the consonant sign combines with other consonant it behaves like a conjunct form of consonant. The independent grapheme can take all the vowel allograph sign according to the writing system of Oriya.

word initially 		 word medially		       word finally
\ÐfÞA /tha:ɭia:/ plate 	`\e /pɔthɔrɔ/ stone 	       L\Ð /kɔtha:/ lecture
\Ã /thɔɳʈɔ/ beak 	L\Þ[ /kɔthitɔ/ said matter   jÐ\Ñ/sa:thi:/comrade

] = d [d] ↝ The sound is considered as a voiced unaspirated dental sound. It has its own consonant sign, which is placed below the consonant. The conjunct form of consonant grapheme and sound never occurs in word initially but it only occurs in word medially and finally. But the consonant grapheme can occur initially, medially and finally in a word. It takes all the vowel allograph according to the writing system of Oriya.

word initially 		    word medially		       	       word finally
]¨ /dɔɳɖɔ/punishment @]eLÐeÑ /ɔdɔrɔka:ri:/not useful  c]/mɔdɔ/wine
]kÞ /dɔhi/ curd 		jéÐ]Þ½ /swa:diṣʈɔ/ tasty 	        d]Þ /ʤɔdi/ if

^ = dh [d^h] ↝ The sound is classified as a stop voiced aspirated dental sound. It has its own consonant sign, which is placed below the consonant. In conjunct form of consonant the consonant grapheme comes first and the sound of sign comes later. In this case the conjunct form of grapheme and sound never occurs in word initially but it can occur medially and finally in a word. But the independent grapheme occurs initially, medially and finally in a word. It takes all the vowel allograph according to the writing system of Oriya.

word initially 		 word medially		 word finally
^_ /dhɔnɔ/ wealth 	c^Êe /mɔdhurɔ/ sweet  _ÞÒi^ /niṣedhɔ/prohibited
^Ð_ /dha:nɔ/ paddy 	N^ÞA /gɔdhia:/ wolf 	 N^ /gɔdhɔ/ donkey

_ = n [n] ↝ It is classified as a dental voiced nasal sound. It has its own independent grapheme. The lower portion of the grapheme is placed under the consonant, which is called as consonant sign. It is done in order to form a consonant conjunct. The sound of consonant comes first and in case of conjunct the sign sound comes later. It can occur with all consonant at the sound and grapheme level. It also takes all the vowel allograph according to the Oriya writing system. The conjunct and independent grapheme can occur initially, medially and finally in a word.

word initially 		 word medially		word finally
_]Ñ /nɔdi:/ river 		jÊ_Ð /suna:/ gold 		jÐ_ /sa:nɔ/ small
_Ë[_ /nu:tɔnɔ/ new 	S__Ñ /ʤɔnɔni:/ mother c_ /mɔnɔ/ mind

` = p [p] ↝ It is classified as a voiceless unaspirated stop sound. It has its own consonant sign, which is placed below the consonant to form a consonantal conjunct. The independent grapheme and sound of ‘`’ occur initially, medially and finally in a word. The consonantal conjunct grapheme and sound can occur initially, medially and finally in a word. It also takes all the allograph sign on the basis of writing system of Oriya. The consonant sound comes first and in case of consonantal conjunct the sign sound comes later.

word initially 		 word medially		word finally
`a_ /pɔbɔnɔ/ air 	`Ð`ÊmÞ /pa:puli/ palm 	QÐ` /tʃa:pɔ/ pressure
`[ÐLÐ /pɔta:ka:/ flag 	`Þ`ÐjÐ /pipa:sa:/ thirsty 	jÐ` /sa:pɔ/ snake

$ = ph [p^h] ↝ It is named as a voiceless stop aspirated labial sound. It has its own consonant sign, which is placed below the consonant to form a consonantal conjunct. Here the half forms of consonant always appear as the consonantal conjunct sign. The independent consonant sign ‘$’ takes all the allograph sign on the basis of writing system. Both consonantal conjunct as well as independent consonant sound occurs initially, medially and finally in a word.

word initially 		 word medially			word finally
$f /phɔɭɔ/ fruit 		@$Þc /ɔphimɔ/ opium 		L$ /kɔphɔ/ cough
$jm /phɔsɔlɔ/ crop 	j$f /sɔphɔɭɔ/ successful 	j$Ð /sɔpha:/ clean

a = b [b] ↝ It is classified as a voiced stop unaspirated bilabial sound. It has its own consonantal grapheme. The below portion of the grapheme is considered as a consonant sign which is placed below the consonant to form a consonantal conjunct. The independent grapheme and consonantal conjunct grapheme can occur initially, medially and finally in a word. It also takes all the vowel allograph according to the writing system of Oriya.

word initially 		 word medially		        word finally
aL /bɔkɔ/ crane 		LaÞ[Ð /kɔbita:/ lyric 	        cÐ_a /ma:nɔbɔ/ man
aÐRÊeÑ /ba:tʃhuri:/ calf 	D`aÐj /upɔba:sɔ/ fasting     RaÞ /tʃhɔbi/ picture

b = bh [b^h] ↝ It is considered as a voiced stop aspirated bilabial sound. When it combines with other consonant grapheme it will behave like consonantal conjunct. The consonant sound comes first and the form of consonantal conjunct sound comes later. It can occur initially, medially and finally in a word. It takes all the vowel allograph according to the writing system of Oriya language. The consonantal conjunct form of sound can occur initially, medially and finally in a word.

word initially 		 word medially		       	word finally
bm /bhɔlɔ/ good 		jc÷a /sɔmbhɔbɔ/ possible	jbÐ/sɔbha:/meeting
bÐiÐ /bha:ṣa:/ language 	@bÐa /ɔbha:bɔ/ scarcity 	`ÍbÐ /prɔbha:/ moon

c = m [m] ↝ It is classified as a labial nasal voiced sound. It has grapheme. When grapheme combines with other grapheme it behaves like a consonantal conjunct. Both independent as well as consonantal conjunct sound can occur initially, medially and finally in a word. It takes all the vowel allograph according to the writing system of Oriya. The consonantal sign is placed below the consonant.

word initially 		 word medially		word finally
ctÞe /mɔndirɔ/ temple 	jc¯ /sɔmɔjɔ/ time 	SÐcÐ /ʤa:ma:/ cloth
c_ /mɔnɔ/ mind 		hÍcÞL /śrɔmikɔ/ laborer 	_Ðc /na:mɔ/ name 

d = j [ʤ] ↝ In certain cases, at the grapheme level, it is considered as a ‘S’ sound. Phonetically it is classified as a semivowel sound of Oriya. The sound and grapheme can occur in word initially, medially and finally. It has its own allograph sign, which is placed at the right side of the consonant. The sound of the consonant comes first and in case of consonantal combination the allograph sign sound comes later.

word initially 		 word medially		word finally
dÊaL /ʤubɔkɔ/ young man 				hdÔÐ /śɔʤja:/ bed
ÒdßÐa_ /ʤɔubɔnɔ/ youth 

e = r [r] ↝ Phonetically, it is considered as a retroflex trill (voiced dental flap) sound of Oriya. It has its own consonant conjunct sign, which is placed below the consonant. The sound of consonant comes first and sign sound of ‘ra’ comes later in the conjunct position. The consonant ‘e’ and conjunct ‘e’ sounds can occur initially, medially and finally in a word.

word initially 		word medially		word finally
eЪР/ra:sta:/ road 	jef /sɔrɔɭɔ/ simple 	ÒQÐe /tʃorɔ/ thief
eÐSÐ /ra:ʤa:/ king 	heÑe /śɔri:rɔ/ body 	@We /ɔʈhɔrɔ/ eighteen

- f = ḷ [ɭ] ↝ It is considered as a voiced retroflex lateral sound of Oriya. It has its own consonantal sign, which is placed below the consonant to form a consonantal conjunct grapheme as well as sound. The sound and the grapheme form do not occur in word initially but it can occur in word medially and finally. It can take all the vowel allograph sign and consonantal sign according to the writing system.

word medially					word finally
@f[Ð /ɔɭɔta:/ one type of red Colour	af /bɔɭɔ/ strength
SfÞaÐ /ʤɔɭiba:/ to burn			Lf /kɔɭɔ/ machine

g = w [w] ↝ It is classified as a voiced labial semi vowel sound in Oriya. It has its own consonantal sign, which is placed below the consonant to form a conjunct consonant. The sound and grapheme can occur initially, medially and finally in a word. It also takes all the vowel allograph sign according to writing system of Oriya language.

word initially 		 word medially		       word finally
]éÐe /dwa:rɔ/ door
jée /swɔrɔ/ voice

h = ś [s] [ʃ] ↝ It is classified as a post-alveolar retroflex fricative voiceless Oriya sound. It has no consonantal sign. It can take all the vowel allograph sign and consonantal sign, which occur in word initially, medially and finally. It has no consonantal conjunct form.

word initially 		 word medially		  word finally
hÐ` /śa:pɔ/ curse 		hÞhÞe /śiśirɔ/ cold 	  AhÐ /a:śa:/ hope
hÞhÊ /śiśu/ child 		hhÐ* /śɔśa:ŋkɔ/ moon 	  @aLÐh/ɔbɔka:śɔ/leisure

i = ṣ [s] [ʃ] ↝ It is considered as a alveolar fricative voiceless Oriya sound. It has no consonantal sign. The grapheme of ‘i’ can take all the vowel allograph and other consonantal sign according to the writing system of Oriya. It can occur initially, medially and finally in a word. The original cerebral pronunciation of ‘i’ with the tip of the tongue curled up is not maintained in Oriya. It is called as murdhanya sha “cËwàZÔ i” or the cerebral sha, but is pronounced like ‘h’.

word initially
iÒYBLfÐ /ṣɔɖhekɔɭa:/ name of a place 	iX¯§ /ṣɔɖɔjɔntrɔ/ conspiracy
word medially
cËiÞL /mu:ṣikɔ/ mouse		`ÐiÐZ /pa:ṣa:ɳɔ/ stone
word finally
ckÞi /mɔhiṣɔ/ bull		QÐi /tʃa:ṣɔ/ cultivation

j = s [s] ↝ It is considered as an alveolar fricative voiceless Oriya sound. It has no consonantal sign. The grapheme of ‘j’ can take all the vowel allograph and other consonantal sign according to the writing system of Oriya. It can occur initially, medially and finally in a word.

word initially 		word medially		    word finally
jÑcÐ /si:ma:/ limit 	aÐj_Ð /ba:sɔna:/ smell 	    B[ÞkÐj /itiha:sɔ/history
jMÐ /sɔkha:/ friend 	LÊjÊc /kusumɔ/ flower 	    cÐj /ma:sɔ/ month

However, in Oriya all the three letters h, i, and j.are often pronounced alike. But when it comes for disambiguating these letter from each other, they are pronounced as ta:ɭɔbjɔ śɔ “[ÐfaÔ h” or palatal śɔfor h, mu:rd^hɔɳjɔṣɔ “cËwàZÔ i” or cerebral ṣɔ for i, and “dɔntɔ sɔ” “]« j” for j.

k = h [h] ↝ It is considered a (glottal voiced) velar fricative Oriya sound. It has no consonantal sign. The sound and grapheme can occur initially, medially and finally in a word. The grapheme ‘k’ can take all the vowel allograph, which is placed according to the writing system of Oriya.

word initially 		word medially		   word finally
keÞZ /hɔriɳɔ/deer 	jÐkj /sa:hɔsɔ/ dare 	   Lk /kɔhɔ/ speak
kÞjÐa /hisa:bɔ/ account 	ekjÔ /rɔhɔsjɔ/ mystery    LÐkÐ /ka:ha:/ whose

Õ = [ṁ] ɔnuswa:rɔ ↝ Anuswara indicates one of the five nasal sounds in Oriya. Whenever an anuswara comes before a consonant constituting any of the five vargas, it represents the fifth item, i.e. the nasal consonant belonging to that varga. It represents a different nasal sound when placed after any of the ten non-varga consonants. So, it resembles the sound “ng” in English song, long, wrong, etc. as @Õh (ɔṁśɔ) part, aÕh (bɔṁśɔ) race, _óhÕj (nruśṁɔsɔ) cruel, etc.

Ó = [ḥ] bisɔrgɔ ↝ Visarga indicates the addition of a sound similar to /h/. It is attached to the right side of a vowel letter, a consonant letter or a vowel-inflected consonant. So, it is like a final breathing ‘h’ as `Ê_Ó (punḥ) again, dhÓ (ʤɔśḥ) fame, etc. In Oriya, the consonant in the middle of a word is doubled as it is pronounced when preceded by the ‘bisɔrgɔ’ (Ó), as ]ÊÓM (duḥk<sup>h</sup>ɔ) sorrow, `Ê_Ó`Ê_Ó (punḥpunḥ) repeatedly, etc.

Ü = [ṃ] tʃɔndrɔbindu ↝ Chandrabindu is placed at the right of a vowel letter and a consonant letter or vowel-inflected consonant indicates its nasalization. So, it gives a nasal sound to the letter at the top of which it is put. Eg: _ÞAÜ (nia:ṃ) fire, cÐcÊÜ (ma:muṃ) maternal uncle, etc.

XÏ= [ṛ] ↝ This is a retroflex flap sound in Oriya. It is pronounced like “X = ḍ [ɖ]” but instead of striking the tongue at the palate and making the sound there it lets the tongue come forward and strike the teeth-ridge with the underside, such as JXÏÞhÐ (oṛiśa:) Orissa, aXÏ (bɔṛɔ) big, ÒOÐXÏÐ (g^hoṛa:) horse, etc. XÏ can occur word initially, medially, and finally.

word initially 		 	word medially		      word finally
XÏcéeÊ /ṛɔmwɔru/ zyre 		ÒiÐXÏh /ṣoṛɔśɔ/ sixteenth     OXÏÞ /ghɔṛi/ clock
XÏÐkÐcÞR /ṛa:ha:mitʃhɔ/	 	_ÞXÏe /niṛɔrɔ/ strong man      NXÏ /gɔṛɔ/ castlecomplete lie

YÏ= [rh] ↝ This is also a retroflex flap sound in Oriya. It is the aspirated form of ‘Y’, such as ]óYÏ (drurhɔ) firm, `ÍNÐYÏ (prɔga:rhɔ) vast, etc. It occurs in all the word initial, medial, and final position.

word initially 	     word medially		       	word finally
YÏÞ` /rhipɔ/    	   jYÏÞaÐ /sɔrhiba:/ to suffer 	cËYÏ /mu:rhɔ/ dull
   `YÏÞaÐ /pɔrhiba:/ to read 	`ÍNÐYÏ /prɔga:rhɔ/ vast

l = khya ↝ This is one of the additional consonant in Oriya which is a combination of L (kɔ) + i (ṣɔ). Though it is treated as a consonant, it is a conjunct. It occurs initially, medially, and finally in a word.

word initially 	        word medially		   word finally
l[Þ /kṣɔti/ loss 	        @l[ /ɔkṣɔtɔ/ unwounded    QlÊ /tʃɔkṣu/ eye
lcÐ /kṣɔma:/ forgive    hÞlL /śikṣɔkɔ/ teacher 	   jÐlÑ /sa:kṣi:/ witness 

¯ = y [j] ↝ This is a voiced palatal semivowel. It is pronounced like the English ‘y’ in yoke, young, such as b¯ (b^hɔjɔ) fear, S¯ (ʤɔjɔ) victory, etc. It occurs only in word medial and final position.

word initially 		 word medially		      	word finally
¯[Þ /jɔti/ sage 		a¯j /bɔjɔsɔ/ age		]¯Ð /dɔja:/ mercy
¯ÐkË /ja:hu:/ Yahoo 	c¯Êe /mɔjurɔ/ peacock 	         bЯР/bha:ja:/ via

m = l [l] ↝ It is considered a voiced dental retroflex lateral Oriya sound. It has its own consonantal sign, which is placed below the consonant to form a conjunct form of grapheme and sound. It also takes all the vowel allograph sign, according to the writing system of Oriya. The sound as well as grapheme occurs initially, medially and finally in a word.

word initially 		 word medially		    word finally
m¯ /lɔjɔ/ aim 		QÐmÐL /tʃa:la:kɔ/ clever    cÐm /ma:l/ goods
m[Ð /lɔta:/ creeper 	ÒhÐâL /ślokɔ/ chant 	    NÐm /ga:lɔ/ cheek

Keynotes of the above study

• Oriya Phoneme to grapheme correspondence.
• In what case a grapheme represents two different sounds.
• All the Oriya vowels have allograph sign, which is placed below, to the left, right and above the consonant grapheme, according to the writing system of Oriya. In this case the sound of the consonant comes first and sign of the allograph comes later at the level of pronunciation.
• In case of Oriya there are two diphthong graphemes I ‘ɔi’ and K ‘ɔu’ are available but at the sound level all the vowel combination are possible. The two diphthong graphemes have their own allograph, which occur with all the consonant grapheme initially, medially and finally in a word.
• In certain cases two Oriya vowels such as C ‘i:’ and E ‘u:’ are considered as long vowels. The allograph of these two vowels both in short and long form is also available in Oriya.
• Usually in Oriya retroflex, nasal consonant sound “Z = ṇ [ɳ]” never occurs initially in a word.

Consonantal Conjunct Grapheme to Sound Correspondence (dʦÐle)

Consonant conjuncts are formed by combining four consonants without their intervening vowels. One or more pure consonants are attached to other pure consonants. The last consonant retains the inherent vowel ɔ @.

The following types of conjuncts are available in Oriya.

1. The lower part of horizontally divided consonant letter is attached to a whole consonant. The whole consonant is presented in its base form, but pronounced as a pure consonant.
2. A diminutive form of a consonant is attached below a whole consonant, which is treated
as a pure consonant in pronunciation. The diminutive consonant retains the inherent vowel ɔ @.
3. A fully ligated conjunct is formed, where the constituents are not distinct or identifiable.
4. Ten consonants are represented by certain graphic consonant signs, which do not correspond visually to the consonants they represent. Excepting YYA, which is placed to the right of the base consonant, the other nine consonant signs are placed below the base consonants.
5. The conjunct [Í /trɔ/ represented by a diminutive H /e/ is placed below _ /nɔ/ and j /sɔ/ to form § /ntrɔ/ and ± /strɔ/. However alternatively these can be rendered as «Í /ntrɔ/ and ªÍ /strɔ/.
6. The vowel inflected [Ê /tu/ represented by diminutive J /o/ is placed below _ /nɔ/ and j /sɔ/ to form _J /nɔo/ and jJ/sɔo/. However alternatively these can be rendered as «Ê /ntu/ and ªÊ /stu/.
7. When a pure e /rɔ/ RA is attached to a whole consonant it is placed above the right of that consonant. This is called repha in Oriya.
8. When a pure consonant is attached to e /rɔ/, e /rɔ/ it retains its inherent vowel @ /ɔ/. It is called ra-phalaa in Oriya.

Velar

	P + L = *, ex. h*Ð /śɔŋka:/ (doubt), jÒ*[ /sɔŋketɔ/ (indication)
	P  + M = <, ex. h< /śɔŋkhɔ/ (pipe),`<Ð /pɔŋkha:/ (fan)
	P  + N = =, ex. b=Ð /bhɔŋga:/ (broken), j=Ñ[  /sɔŋga:tɔ/ (friend),
	P  + O =  +, ex. j+ /sɔŋghɔ/ (group),m+_ /lɔŋghɔnɔ/ (cross)

Palatal

	U + Q = q, ex. cq /mɔntʃɔ/ (stage), Q}f /tʃɔntʃɔɭɔ/ (quick)
	U + R = }, ex. mÐ}_Ð /la:ntʃhɔna:/ (), QÐ}ÞaÐ /tʃa:ntʃhiba:/ ()
	U + S = &, ex. M&  /khɔnʤɔ/ (), `Þ&eÐ /pinʤɔra:/ ()
	U + T = %, ex. `%Ð /pnɔʤha:/ (), aÐ%  /ba:nʤhɔ/ ()

Retroflex

	Z + V = Ã, ex. OÃÐ /ghɔɳʈa:/ (), LÃL /kɔɳʈɔkɔ/ ()
	Z + W = , ex. L  /kɔɳʈhɔ/ (), AÊ  /a:ɳʈhu/ ()
	Z + X = ¨, ex. cʨ /muɳɖɔ/ (),  QШÐf /tʃa:ɳɖa:ɭɔ/ ()
	Z + Y = , ex. ÒcÐ /meɳɖha:/ (),  i /ṣɔɳɖhɔ/ ()

Dental

	_ + [ = «, ex. ]Ы /da:ntɔ/ (), QÞ«Ð /tʃinta:/ ()
	_ + \ = x, ex. LxÐ /kɔntha:/ (),  Ò`xÐH /pentha:e/ ()
	_ + ] = t, ex. ct /mɔndɔ/ (),  jÒtk /sɔndehɔ/ ()
	_ + ^ = u, ex. @u /ɔndhɔ/ (),  auÊL // (bɔndhukɔ)

Labial

	c + ` = Õ` or ?, ex.
	c + $ = >, ex. m> /lɔmphɔ/ (),  NÊ>Ð /gumpha:/ ()
	c + a = cé, ex. Acé /a:mbɔ/ (),  jcéÐ] /sɔmba:dɔ/ ()
	c + b  = c÷, ex. ec÷Ð /rɔmbha:/ (),  LÊc÷Ñe /kumbhi:rɔ/ ()

Others

	L + L = £, ex. QÞ£Z /tʃikkɔɳɔ/ (),  ^Þ£Ðe /dhikka:rɔ/ ()
	L  + [ = ¦, ex. e¦ /rɔktɔ/ (), h¦Þ // (śɔkti)
	L  + i = l, ex. jÐlÑ /sa:kṣi:/ (),  `eÑlÐ /pɔri:kṣa:/ ()
	L  + j  = µ, ex. aе /ba:ksɔ/ (),  _µÐ /nɔksa:/ ()
	N + ] = ’, ex. aÐ’Ð_ /ba:gda:nɔ/ (),  aÐÒ’aÑ /ba:gdebi:/ ()
	N + ^ = ‘, ex. ]Ê‘ /dugdhɔ/ (),  jðÞ‘ /snigdhɔ/ ()
	Q  + Q = n, ex. Dn /utʃtʃɔ/ (),  jnÞ«Ð /sɔtʃtʃinta:/ ()
	Q  + R = o, ex. AoÐ /a:tʃtʃha:/ (),  Lo` /kɔtʃtʃhpɔ/ ()
	Q  + U = QçU, ex. dÐQçUÐ /ʤa:tʃɲa:/ ()
	S + S = ³, ex. L³f /kɔʤʤɔɭɔ/ (),  m³Ð /lɔʤʤa:/ ()
	S  + T = SçT, ex. LÊSçTVÞLÐ /kuʤʤhɔʈika:/ ()
	S + U = s, ex. ds /ʤɔʤŋɔ/ (),  aÞsÐ_ /biʤŋa:nɔ/ ()
	V + V = p, ex. @pkÐj /ɔʈʈɔha:sɔ/ (),  @pÐfÞLÐ /ɔʈʈa:ɭika:/ ()
	X + N = ”, ex. M” /khɔɖgɔ/ ()
	X + X = Å, ex. DÅÑ_ /uɖɖinɔ/ ()
	[ + L = Lú, ex. DLúf /utkɔɭɔ/ (),  QÞLúÐe /tʃitka:rɔ/ ()
	[ + [ = r, ex. Drc /uttɔmɔ/ (),  DrÐ` /utta:pɔ/ ()
	[ + \ = [ç\Ð, ex. D[ç\Ð_ /uttha:nɔ/ ()
	[ + ` = `ú, ex. D`ú_ð /utpɔnnɔ/ (),  aÞ`úÐ[ /bitpa:tɔ/ ()
	[ + j = jú, ex. ajú /bɔtsɔ/ (),  jcéjúe /sɔmbɔtsɔrɔ/ ()
	] + N = Â, ex. cÊÂe /mudgɔrɔ/ (),  DÂÐe /udga:rɔ/ ()
	] + O = ]çO, ex. D]çOÐV_ /udgha:ʈ ɔnɔ/ ()
	] + ] = ~, ex. DÒ~hÔ /uddeśjɔ/ (),  D~Ñ`_Ð /uddi:pɔna:/ ()
	] + ^ = w, ex. dÊw /ʤuddhɔ/ (),  aÊwÞ /buddhi/ ()
	] + a = ]ça, ex. D]çaÐk /udba:hɔ/ ()
	] + b = ¡, ex. D¡a /udbhɔbɔ/ (),  @¡Ê[ /ɔdbhutɔ/ ()
	] + d = ]çd, ex. DÒ]çdÐN /udʤogɔ/ ()
	` + [ = ©, ex. NÊ© /guptɔ/ (),  j©c /sɔptɔmɔ/ ()
	` + ` = “, ex. M“Ð /khɔppa:/ (),  `Þ“fÑ /pippɔɭi/ ()
	` + j = ¿, ex. aÑ¿Ð /bi:psa:/ (),  @¿eÐ /ɔpsɔra:/ ()
	a + S = açS, ex.  @açS /ɔbʤɔ/ (), LÊaçS /kubʤɔ/ ()
	a + ] = v, ex. hv /śɔbdɔ/ (), MÍѽÐv /khri:ṣʈa:bdɔ/ ()
	a + ^ = •, ex. m•  /lɔbdhɔ/ (), Ae• /a:rɔbdhɔ/ ()
	f + L = °, ex. hÊ°  / śuɭkɔ/ (), a°f /bɔɭkɔɭɔ/ ()
	m + L = –, ex. D–Ð /ulka:/ ()
	m + N = mçN, ex. $ÐmçNÊ_ /pha:lgunɔ/ ()
	f + ` = Á, ex. NÁ /gɔɭpɔ/ (),  jÕLÁ /sɔŋkɔɭpɔ/ ()
	f + $ = Ç, ex. NÊÇ  /guɭphɔ/ ()
	f + b = fçb, ex. `ÍNfçb /prɔgɔɭbhɔ/ ()
	h + Q = ¾, ex. _Þ¾¯  /niśtʃɔjɔ/ (), `¾Ð[ç /pɔśtʃa:tɔ/ ()
	h + R = hçR, ex. hÞeÒhçR] /śirɔśtʃhedɔ/ ()
	i + L = ´, ex. hÊ´ /śuṣkɔ/ (),  `eÞ´Ðe /pɔriṣka:rɔ/ ()
	i + V = ½, ex. L½ /kɔṣʈɔ/ (),  jc½Þ /sɔmɔṣʈi/ ()
	i + W = º, ex. iº /ṣɔṣʈhɔ/ (), L_Þº /kɔniṣʈhɔ/ ()
	i + Z = », ex. Ló» /kruṣɳɔ/ (),  jkÞ»Ê /sɔhiṣɳu/ ()
	i + ` = ¹, ex. `ʹ  /puṣpɔ/ (),  _Þ¹Ð` /niṣpa:pɔ/ ()
	i + $ = È, ex. _ÞÈf /niṣphɔɭɔ/ ()
	j + L = ², ex. `Êe²Ðe /purɔska:rɔ/ (), _c²Ðe /nɔmɔska:rɔ/ ()
	j + M = •, ex. •f_ /skhɔɭɔnɔ/ ()
	j + [ = ª, ex. @ª /ɔstɔ/ (), aÞªÐe /bista:rɔ/ ()
	j + \ = y, ex. yf /sthɔɭɔ/ (), yÐ`_ /stha:pɔnɔ/ ()
	j + ` = ¸, ex. ¸hà /spɔrśɔ/ (), `e¸e /pɔrɔspɔrɔ/ ()
	j + $ = É, ex. ¸VÞL /sphɔʈikɔ/ (), AÉÐf_ /a:spha:ɭ ɔnɔ/ ()
	L + [ + e = ¦Í, ex. a¦Í /bɔktrɔ/ ()
	L + i + Z = Ä, ex. [ÑÄ  /ti:kṣɳɔ/ ()
	L + i + c = iê, ex. jËlê  /su:kṣmɔ/ (), mlêÑ /lɔkṣmi:/ ()
	L + i + ¯ = lÔ, ex. blÔ /bhɔkṣjɔ/ (), mlÔ /lɔkṣjɔ/ ()
	P  + L + [= Pç¦, ex. `Pç¦Þ /pɔŋkti/ ()
	P  + L + i = Pçl, ex. ALÐPçlÐ /a:ka:ŋkṣa:/ ()
	S + S + g = ³é, ex. D³f /uʤʤwɔɭɔ/ ()
	Z + X + e = ¨Í, ex. `Ê¨Í /puɳɖrɔ/ ()
	[ + [ + g = ré, ex. ckré /mɔhɔttwɔ/ (), [ré /tɔtwɔ/ ()
	[ + [ + e = rÍ, ex. `ÊrÍ /puttrɔ/ ()
	[ + c + ¯ = [êÔ ( cúÔ ), ex. cÐkÐcúÔ/ma:ha:tmjɔ/(), Ò]ßÐeÐ[êÔ/dɔura:tmjɔ/()
	[ + j + _ = júð, ex. ÒSÔÐjúðÐ /ʤjotsna:/ ()
	[ + j + ¯ = júÔ, ex. cjúÔ /mɔtsjɔ/ ()
	_ + [ + ¯ = «Ô, ex. @«Ô /ɔntjɔ/ ()
	_ + [ + e = «Í, ex. d§ /ʤɔntrɔ/ (),  c§Ñ /mɔntri:/ (), [§ /tɔntrɔ/ ()
	_ + [ + g = «é, ex. jЫé_Ð /sa:ntwɔna:/ ()
	_ + ] + e = tÍ, ex. BtÍÞ¯ /indrijɔ/ (), QtÍ /tʃɔndrɔ/ ()
	_ + ] + g = té, ex. ]été /dbɔndwɔ/ ()
	_ + ^ + e = uÍ, ex. euÍ /rɔndhrɔ/ ()
	_ + ^ + ¯ = uÔ, ex. auÔÐ /bɔndhja:/ (), juÔÐ /sɔndhja:/ ()
	_ + _ + ¯ = _ðÔ, ex. j_ÔÐjÑ /sɔnja:si:/ ()
	c + ` + e = cç`Í, ex. jcç`Í]Ð_ /sɔmprɔda:nɔ/ ()
	c + b + e = c÷Í, ex. jc÷ÍЫ /sɔmbhra:ntɔ/ ()
	e + Q + Q = nà, ex. QnàÐ /tʃɔrtʃtʃa:/ ()
	e + Q + R = oà, ex. cËoàÐ /mu:rtʃtʃha:/ ()
	e + Z + Z = Àà, ex. `ËÀà /pu:rɳɳɔ/ (), jéÀà /sbɔrɳɳɔ/ ()
	e + [ + [ = rà, ex. cËrÞà /mu:rtti/ (), LÑràÑ /ki:rtti:/ ()
	e + ] + ] = ~à, ex. N~àb /gɔrddɔbhɔ/ ()
	e + ] + ^ = wà, ex. _ÞwÐàeÞ[ /nirddha:ritɔ/ (), @wà /ɔrddhɔ/ ()
	e + [ + j = júà, ex. bjúà_Ð /bhɔrtsɔna:/ ()
	e + ] + e = ]Íà, ex. A]Íà /a:rdrɔ/ ()
	e + d + ¯ = dÔà, ex. LÐdàÔ /ka:rʤjɔ/ (), jËdÔà /su:rʤjɔ/ ()
	e + h + g = héà, ex. `Ðhéà /pa:rśwɔ/ (), `ÐeÞ`ÐhÞéàL /pa:ripa:rświkɔ/ ()
	i + L + e = ´Í, ex. _Þ´ÍÞ¯ /niṣkrijɔ/ ()
	i + V + e = ½Í, ex. eÐ½Í /ra:ṣʈrɔ/ ()
	i + ` + e = ¹Í, ex. _ÞÒ¹ÍÐÒ¯ÐS_ /niṣprojoʤɔnɔ/ (), ]ʹÍÐ`Ô /duṣpra:pjɔ/ ()
	j + [ + e = ªÍ, ex. a± /bɔstrɔ/ (), hб /śa:strɔ/ (), @± /ɔstrɔ/ ()
	j + \ + ¯ = yÔ, ex. NÐkàyÔ /ga:rhɔsthjɔ/ (), jéÐyÔ /swa:sthjɔ/ ()
	_ + [ + e + ¯  = «ÍÔ, ex. jéÐ[§Ô /swa:tɔntrjɔ/ ()
	e + [ + [ + ¯ = ràÔ, ex. cràÔ /mɔrttjɔ/ ()
	e + [ + [ + e = rÍà, ex. LrÍÑà /kɔrttri:/ ()
	e + ] + ^ + g = wéà, ex. Ewéà /urddhwɔ/ ()

Geminations in Oriya

Gemination occurs when a consonant is doubled so that it can be pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than a single consonant. In Oriya, germination can be of twelve types such as given below.

	£ /kk/	↝ QÞ£Z /tʃikkɔɳɔ/ smooth
	n /tʃtʃ/	↝ Dn /utʃtʃɔ/ high, MnàÐ /khɔrtʃtʃa:/ expenditure
	³ /ʤʤ/	↝ D³f /uʤʤɔɭɔ/ lighted, L³f /kɔʤʤɔɭɔ/
	p /ʈʈ/	↝ `pQÞ[Í /pɔʈʈɔtʃitrɔ/ a kind of picture, @pÐfÞLÐ/ɔʈʈa:ɭika:/ palace
	Å /ɖɖ/	↝ DÅÑ_ /uɖɖi:nɔ/, AÅÐ /a:ɖɖa:/ hub
	r /tt/ 	↝ Dre /uttɔrɔ/ answer or North, D]r /udɔttɔ/ accent
	~ /dd/ 	↝ h[Ð~Ñ /śɔta:ddi:/ century, akÞÒ~àh /bɔhirddeśɔ/ outside
	_ð /nn/	↝ @_ð /ɔnnɔ/ food, `Íj_ð /prɔsɔnnɔ/ happy
	“ /pp/	↝ ke“Ð /hɔrɔppa:/ Harappa Civilization, `Þ“f /pippɔɭɔ/ one type of leaf
	® /mm/	↝ j®Ð_ /sɔmma:nɔ/ prestige, j®ÊMÑ_ /sɔmmukhi:nɔ/ to face somebody
	fì /ɭɭ/	↝ @fìLÐ /ɔɭɭɔka:/, MÊfì`Ð /khuɭɭɔɔpa:/ cover
	mâ /ll/		↝ SÞmâÐ /ʤilla:/ district, ]ÞmâÑ /dilli:/ Delhi, `mâÑ /pɔlli:/ village

Morphophonemic Alterations or Sandhi (juÞ)

Morphophonemic alterations or Sandhi is the articulatory process whereby the pronunciation of a word or morpheme changes when it is followed immediately by another (especially in fluent speech).

Sandhi is a cover term for a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries. Examples include the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words. It occurs particularly and prominently in Sanskrit Phonology. Even in Oriya, there are Sandhis or Morphophonemic alterations such as,

	jËdÔà /su:rʤɔ/ Sun + D]¯ /udɔjɔ/ rise = jËÒdÔÐà]¯ /su:rʤodɔjɔ/ sunrise;
	`Í[Þ /prɔti/ each + HL /ekɔ/ one = `ÍÒ[ÔL /prɔtjokɔ/ each and every; etc.

The rules of Sandhis in Oriya are quite similar to those of Sanskrit. There are three kinds of Sandhi in Oriya such as, (a) Vowel Sandhi (jée juÞ), (b) Consonant Sandhi (aÔ&_ juÞ), and (c) Bisarga Sandhi (aÞjNà juÞ).

(a) Vowel Sandhi is formed when two vowel sounds are added together. For example,

	(@ /ɔ/ + @ /ɔ/ = A /a/) hh /śɔśɔ/ + @* /ɔŋkɔ/ = hhÐ* /śɔśaŋkɔ/,
	(A /a/ + @ /ɔ/ = A /a/)jÊ^Ð /sudha/ + @ÕhÊ /ɔnśu/ = jÊ^ÐÕhÊ/sudhanśu/,
	(@ /ɔ/ + B /i/ = H /e/) _e /nɔrɔ/ + BtÍ /indrɔ/ = _ÒetÍ /nɔrendrɔ/,
	(@ /ɔ/ + F /rɨ/ = @eç /ɔr/)j© /sɔptɔ/ + FiÞ /rɨṣi/ = j©iÞà /sɔptɔrṣi/,
	(A /a/ + K /ɔu/ = K /ɔu/) ckÐ /mɔha/ + Ki^ /ɔuṣɔdhɔ/ = cÒkßÐi^Þ /mɔhɔuṣɔdhi/, etc.

(b) Consonant Sandhi is formed when one consonant sound is added to another consonant sound or vowel sound. For example,

	([ç /t/ + Qç /tʃ/ = Qç /tʃ/) Qf[ç /tʃɔɭɔt/ + QÞ[Í /tʃitrɔ/ = QfnÞ[Í /tʃɔɭɔtʃtʃitrɔ/,
	(]ç /d/ + Sç /ʤ/ = Sç /ʤ/) aÞ`]ç /bipɔd/ + SÐf /ʤaɭɔ/ = aÞ`³Ðf /bipɔdʤaɭɔ/,
	(]ç /d/ + `ç /p/ = [ç /t/) []ç /tɔd/ + `e /pɔrɔ/ = [`úe /tɔtpɔrɔ/,
	(according to i[éaÞ^Þ) jcç /sɔm/ + Ló[Þ /kruti/ = jÕ²ó[Þ /sɔmskruti/,
	(cç /m/ + @aNàÔ aÀà (d, e, g, f, m, h, i, j) /ʤ, r, w, ɭ, l, ś, ṣ, s/ = Õ /ɔnuswarɔ/)
	jcç /sɔm/ + dʦ /ʤuktɔ/ = jÕdʦ /sɔmʤuktɔ/, etc.

(c) Bisarga Sandhi is formed when a vowel or consonant sound is added with a bisarga /bisɔrgɔ/ (aÞjNà). For example,

	c_Ó /mɔnʔ/ + e\ /rɔthɔ/ = cÒ_Ðe\ /mɔnorɔthɔ/,
	hÞeÓ /śirʔ/ + ^ÐdÔà /dharʤjɔ/ = hÞÒeÐ^ÐdÔà /śirodharʤjɔ/,
	_ÞÓ /niʔ/ + [Ðe /tarɔ/ = _ÞªÐe /nistarɔ/,
	^_ÊÓ /dhɔnuʔ/ + V*Ðe /ʈɔŋkarɔ/ = ^_ʽ*Ðe /dhɔnuṣʈɔŋkarɔ/,
	`Ê_Ó /punʔ/ + ANc_ /agɔmɔnɔ/ = `Ê_eÐNc_ /punɔragɔmɔnɔ/, etc.

Stress

Stress is not a prominent feature of Oriya. Moreover, it is one of the least investigated areas of Oriya phonology. Therefore any statement about the role of stress is tentative at this point. The Oriya stress patterns can be described as follows.

• The distinction between the light and heavy syllables is based on the length of the vowel and the coda consonant, if any. Thus CV is a light syllable and VV and CVC are heavy and CVV(C) is super heavy.
• A /a:/, C /i:/, E /u:/, H /e/, and J /o/ are treated as VV and @ /ɔ/, B /i/, and D /u/ are treated as V.

Intonation

Intonation is the use of changing pitch to convey syntactic information. There has been no systematic study of the patterns of intonation in Oriya. Therefore, the following explanation is tentative and needs further investigation. However, the major intonation patterns in Oriya are given below.

1. Yes-No questions have a final rising intonation.

	[ÊÒc SÒZ RÐ[Í LÞ?
	tume ʤɔɳe tʃhatrɔ ki
	‘Are you a student?’

	Òj JXÏÞA LkÞ `Ðe«Þ?
	se oṛia: kɔhipa:rɔnti
	‘Can he speak Oriya?’

2. Statements have a final falling intonation.

	c^Ê N[LÐmÞ JXÏÞhÐ NmÐ Ð
	mɔdhu gɔtɔka:li oṛiśa: gɔla:
	‘Madhu went to Orissa yesterday.

	jËdÔà `Ëaà ]ÞNÒe D]¯ kÊ@«Þ Ð
	su:rʤjɔ pu:rbɔ digɔre udɔjɔ huɔnti
	‘The Sun rises in the east.’

3. Information questions also have a final falling intonation.

	[ÊÒc L'Z MÐBm ?
	tume kɔ’ɳɔ khailɔ
	‘What did you eat?’

	[ÊÒc LÐkÞÜLÞ HkÐ Lm?
	tume ka:hiɱki eha: kɔlɔ
	‘Why did you do this?’

4. Tag questions have a final rising intonation.

	[ÊÒc ÒbÐLÞmÐ @V, _ÊÒkÜ LÞ?
	tume bhokila: ɔʈɔ, nuheɱ ki
	‘You are hungry, aren’t you?’

	Òj jÊteÑ @ÒV, _ÊÒkÜ LÞ?
	se sundɔri: ɔʈe, nuheɱ ki
	‘She is beautiful, isn’t she?’

5. Reconfirmation questions (in which the focused constituent is fronted) have final rising intonation.

	HBVÐ eÐc _Ð dÞH eÐaZLÊ cÐeÞÒm ?
	eiʈa: ra:mɔ na: ʤie ra:bɔɳɔku ma:rile
	‘Is it Ram who killed Rabana?’

	ÒjBVÐ [Ê _Ð, dÞH jaÊ cÞWÐ MÐBÒ]mÐ?
	seiʈa: tu na: ʤie sɔbu miʈha: kha:idela:
	‘Was that you who ate all the sweets?’

6. Echo questions have a final rising intonation.

	]hVÐ @¨Ð Ð
	dɔśɔʈa: ɔɳɖa:
	‘Ten eggs’

	@WeVÐ @^ÔЯ Ð
	ɔʈhɔrɔʈa: ɔdhja:jɔ
	‘Eighteen chapters’

7. Imperatives have a final falling intonation.

	aràcÐ_, eÐc Òj LÐcVÞ LeÞa Ð
	bɔrttɔma:nɔ, ra:mɔ se ka:mɔʈi kɔribɔ
	‘Now, Ram will do that work’

	dÐkÐ aÞ ÒkD, [ÊÒc SÒZ RÐ[Í Ð
	ʤa:ha: bi heu, tume ʤɔɳe tʃha:trɔ
	‘After all, you are a student’

8. Blessings and curses have a level intonation.

	bNaÐ_ [Êce c=f Le«Ê Ð
	bhɔgɔba:nɔ tumɔrɔ mɔŋgɔɭɔkɔrɔntu
	‘May God bless you!’

	[Êce ^éÕj ÒkD Ð
	tumɔrɔ dhwɔnsɔ heu
	‘May you be destroyed!’

9. Repeated affirmative responses (yes, yes) or negative responses (no, no) have a level intonation.

	kÜ, kÜ, cÊÜ Òj NZÞ[VÞ _Þ¾¯ LeÞÒ]aÞ Ð
	hɔɱ, hɔɱ, muɱ se gɔɳitɔʈi niśtʃɔjɔ kɔridebi
	‘Yes, yes, I will do the Math’

	_ÐÜ, _ÐÜ, Òj Ò[Ð jkÞ[ dÞa _ÐkÞÜ Ð
	na:ɱ, na:ɱ, se to sɔhitɔ ʤibɔ nahiɱ
	‘No, no, she will not go with you’

10. Doubt is expressed by falling intonation on the question word.

	HBVÐ L'Z WÞLç?
	eiʈa: kɔ’ɳɔ ʈhik
	‘Is it right?’

	ÒjBVÐ L'Z j[?
	seiʈa: kɔ’ɳɔ sɔtɔ
	‘Is that true?’

Ideophones or ^é_ÔÐcúL hv (are different from Idiophones)

Ideophones are words utilizing sound symbolism to express aspects of events that can be experienced by the senses, like smell, color, shape, sound, action, or movement. Ideophones are attested in all the languages of the world; however, languages differ in the extent to which they make use of them. Because of this, some linguists do not think it useful to talk about a universal ‘class’ of ideophones, and maintain that the concept makes sense only within the context of an individual language.

The word class of ideophones is often called phonosemantic to indicate that it is not a grammatical word class in the traditional sense of the word (like ‘verb’ or ‘noun’), but rather a grouping based on form and meaning. For example,

	ÒbÐ-ÒbÐ /bho-bho/ ↝ ‘dog’s barking’
	WLç-WLç /ʈhɔk-ʈhɔk/↝ ‘sound of knocking a door’, etc.

	Òj ÒWÐÒWÐ kjÞmÐ Ð
	se ʈhoʈho hɔsila:
	‘He laughed loudly’

	QÒYÏBVÐ $eçLÞ_Ð DXÏÞNmÐ Ð
	tʃɔɖheiʈa: phɔr kina: uɖigɔla:
	‘The bird flied suddenly’

	Ò^Ða $eç$eç mÊNÐ
	dhobɔ phɔr phɔr luga:
	‘Fully white cloth’

	VkVk _ÐmÞ
	ʈɔhɔʈɔhɔ na:li
	‘Deep/Dark Red’

	cQçcQç QÐmÞAjÞmÐ
	mtʃmtʃ tʃa:lia:sila:
	‘He/She came without any hesitation’

	eQçeQç LÐVÞaÐ
	rtʃrtʃ ka:ʈiba:
	‘Bite with sound’

	LÞVÞcÞVÞA @uÐe
	kiʈimiʈia: ɔndha:rɔ
	‘Absolute darkness’

	TÐf NcçNcç
	ʤha:ɭɔ gɔmgɔm
	‘Sweating heavily’

	aÞSÊfÞ QLçQLç cÐeÊRÞ
	biʤuɭi tʃktʃk ma:rutʃhi
	‘It is lightning’

	\`ç\`ç `ÐZÞ `XÏÊRÞ
	thɔpthɔp pa:ɳi pɔɖutʃhi
	‘The water is falling in drops’

	RÐ[Þ ]ÊLç]ÊLç ÒkDRÞ
	tʃha:ti dukduk heutʃhi
	‘Heart is beating’

	cÐRÞ bZçbZç ÒkDR«Þ
	ma:tʃhi bhɔɳbhɔɳ heutʃhɔnti
	‘Flies are moving around’

	aLçaLç kÊ@_Ð
	bɔkbɔk huɔna:
	‘Don’t talk rubbish’

	QVç`Vç `fÐ
	tʃɔʈpɔʈ pɔɭa:
	‘Go away quickly’

	jÊjÊ `a_ ÒaÐkÞmÐ
	susu pɔbɔnɔ bohila:
	‘The wind blew slowly’

	AMÞ RfRf
	a:khi tʃhɔɭɔtʃhɔɭɔ
	‘Weeping eye’

	Ò`V MÐÜMÐÜ `XÏÞRÞ
	peʈɔ kha:ɱkha:ɱ pɔṛitʃhi
	‘The stomach is empty’

	TeçTeç mÊk akÞaÐ
	ʤhɔrʤhɔr luhɔ bɔhiba:
	‘Weeping heavily’

	bLçbLç aÐ«Þ LmÐ
	bhɔkbhɔk ba:nti kɔla:
	‘He/she vomited heavily’

	^Ê^Ê SfÞaÐ
	dhudhu ʤɔɭiba:
	‘Burning rapidly’

	MÊÜMÊÜ LÐhÞaÐ
	khuɱkhuɱ ka:śiba:
	‘Coughing loudly’

	QXÏçQXÏç $ÊVÞaÐ
	tʃṛtʃṛ phuʈiba:
	‘Cracking’

	Ò`ÜÒ`Ü aÐSÞaÐ
	peɱpeɱ ba:ʤiba:
	‘Blown with sound’

	W_çW_ç aÐSÞaÐ
	ʈhɔnʈhɔn ba:ʤiba:
	‘Blown with metal sound’

Homophones in Oriya

• @_Þf /ɔniɭɔ/ - aÐ¯Ê /baju/, @_Ñf /ɔni:ɭɔ/ - _Ñf _ÊÒkÜ Òd //
• @fÞL /ɔɭikɔ/ - mmÐV /lɔla:ʈɔ/, @fÑL /ɔɭi:kɔ/ - cÞ\ÔÐ /mit^hja:/
• @j_ /ɔsɔnɔ/ - Òl`Z /kṣepɔɳɔ/, @h_ /ɔśɔnɔ/ - ÒbÐS_ /b<sup>h</sup>oʤɔnɔ/
• @jÞ[ /ɔsitɔ/ - Ló» /krɨṣnɔ/, @hÞ[ /ɔśitɔ/ - blÞ[ /b<sup>h</sup>ɔkṣitɔ/, @hÑ[ /ɔśi:tɔ/ - dÐkÐ hÑ[ _ÊÒkÜ //
• @Õj /ɔnsɔ/ - ²u /skɔnd<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, @Õh /ɔnśɔ/ - bÐN /b<sup>h</sup>a:gɔ/
• @jÞ /ɔsi/ - MXçN /k<sup>h</sup>ɔɖgɔ/, @hÑ /ɔśi:/ - jÕMÔÐ aÞÒhi //
• Aaó[ /a:brutɔ/ - AoÐ]Þ[ /a:tʃtʃ<sup>h</sup>a:ditɔ/, Aaó[ /a:brutɔ/ - `WÞ[ /pɔʈ^hitɔ/
• AbÐj /a:b^ha:sɔ/ - jËQ_Ð /su:tʃɔna:/, AbÐi /a:b^ha:ṣɔ/ - bÐiZ /b^ha:ṣɔɳɔ/
• AkÊ[Þ /a:huti/ - c§Ð]Þ `ÐW `ËaàL dsÒe Oó[ _ÞÒl` //, AkË[Þ /a:huti/ - AkéÐ_ /a:hwa:nɔ/
• B[Þ /iti/ - Òhi /śeṣɔ/, C[Þ /i:ti/ - @[Þaó½Þ, @_Ðaó½Þ A]Þ b¯ //
• Ch /i:śɔ/ - jéÐcÑ /swa:mi:/, Ci /i:ṣɔ/ - m=fe ]¨ //
• F[ /rɨtɔ/ - `ÑXÞ[ /pi:ɖitɔ/, eÊ[ /rutɔ/ - ^é_Þ /d^hwɔni/
• LÐfÑ /ka:ɭi:/ - ]ÊNàÐ /durga:/, LÐfÞ /ka:ɭi/ - LÐfÞcÐ /ka:ɭima:/
• LÊf /kuɭɔ/ - aÕh /bɔnśɔ/, LËf /ku:ɭ ɔ/ - [V /tɔʈɔ/
• LÊS_ /kuʤɔnɔ/ - MeÐ` ÒmÐL //, LËS_ /ku:ʤɔnɔ/ - `lÑe ^é_Þ //
• LÊV /kuʈɔ/ - aól /brɨkṣɔ/, LËV /ku:ʈ ɔ/ - hó= /śrɨŋgɔ/
• ÒLje /kesɔrɔ/ - `ʹe jËlê _ÐXÏÑ//, ÒLhe /keśɔrɔ/ jÞÕke NÍÑaÐe aÐf //
• Ló[Þ /krɨti/ - LÐdÔà /ka:rʤjɔ/, Ló[Ñ /krɨti:/ - LÊhf /kuśɔɭɔ/
• NÞeÞh /giriśɔ/ - hÞa /śibɔ/ NÞeÑh /giri:śɔ/ - `aà[, Òhͺ//
• NÊZÞ /guɳi/ - c§ d§ aÞ]ÔÐ //, NÊZÑ /guɳi:/ - NÊZaÐ_/guɳɔba:n/
• QÞe /tʃirɔ/ - jaà]Ð /sɔrbɔda: /, QÑe /tʃi:rɔ/ - QÞeÐmÊNÐ /tʃira:luga:/
• QÊXÏÐ /tʃuṛa:/ - MÐ]Ô]ÍaÔ /k^ha:djɔdrɔbjɔ/, QËXÏÐ /tʃu:ṛa:/ - @NÍbÐN /ɔgrɔb^ha:gɔ/
• SÐ[Þ /ʤa:ti/ - ÒhÍZÑ aÞbÐN /śreɳi: bib^ha:gɔ/, SÐ[Ñ /ʤa:ti:/ - LÊfÞ_Ð /kuɭina:/, ÒhͺР/śreṣʈ^ha:/
• [eZÞ /tɔrɔɳi/ - jËdÔà /su:rʤjɔ/, [eZÑ /tɔrɔɳi:/ - Ò_ßÐLÐ /nɔuka:/
• ]Þ_ /dinɔ/ - ]Þaj /dibɔsɔ/, ]Ñ_ /di:nɔ/ - ]eÞ]Í /dɔridrɔ/
• _Þ[Þ /niti/ - `Í[Ôk /prɔtjɔhɔ/, _Ñ[Þ /ni:ti/ - _Þ¯c /nijɔmɔ/
• _ÞaÐe /niba:rɔ/ - aÐeZ Le //, _ÑaÐe /ni:ba:rɔ/ - a_Ô^Ð_Ô /bɔnjɔd<sup>h</sup>a:njɔ/
• _ÞeÐj /nira:sɔ/ - _ÞÒl` /nikṣepɔ/, [ÔÐN /tja:gɔ/, _ÞeÐh /nira:śɔ/ - AhÐhË_Ô /a:śa:śu:njɔ/
• `ehé /pɔrɔśwɔ/ - Aj«Ð LÐmÞ /a:sɔnta: ka:li/, `ejé /pɔrɔswɔ/ - `ee ]ÍaÔ /pɔrɔrɔ drɔbjɔ/
• `eÑlÐ /pɔri:kṣa:/ - `eÞoÐ /pɔri:tʃtʃ<sup>h</sup>a:/, `eÑlÐ /pɔri:kṣa:/ - DrceËÒ` Ò]MÞaÐ //
• `Ða_Þ /pa:bɔni/ - k_ÊcÐ_ /hɔnuma:nɔ/, bÑc /b^hi:mɔ/, `Ða_Ñ /pa:bɔni:/ - `aÞ[ÍLÐeÞZÑ, ÒhÐ^_LÐeÞZÑ /śod^hɔnɔka:riɳi:/
• `Êe /purɔ/ - _Ne /nɔgɔrɔ/, `Ëe /pu:rɔ/ - `ÍaÐk /prɔba:hɔ/
• `Ë[ /pu:tɔ/ - `aÞ[Í /pɔbitrɔ/, `Ê[ /putɔ/ - _eL aÞÒhi //
• `Í[ÞlZ /prɔtikṣɔɳɔ/ - @_ÊlZ /ɔnukṣɔɳɔ/, jaà]Ð /sɔrbɔda:/, `Í[ÑlZ /prɔti:kṣɔɳɔ/ - jcÔLç Ò]MÞaÐ //
• afÞ /bɔɭi/ - `ËSÐ D`LeZ //, afÑ /bɔɭi:/ - afaÐ_ /bɔɭɔba:nɔ/
• aÐfÞh /ba:ɭiśɔ/ - cËMà /mu:rk^hɔ/, aÐfÑh /ba:ɭi:śɔ/ - _ÐeÑe_ú /na:ri:rɔtnɔ/, _ÐeÑÒhͺ /na:ri:śreṣʈ^hɔ/
• aÞh] /biśɔdɔ/ - ¸º /spɔṣʈ^hɔ/, aÞi] /biṣɔdɔ/ - Òd aÞi ]ÞH //
• aÞi /biṣɔ/ - Nef /gɔrɔɭɔ/, aÞj /bisɔ/ - cóZÐf /mrɨɳa:ɭɔ/
• aÞ]Êe /bidurɔ/ - ckÐbÐe[ aÀÞà[ aÔ¦Þ //, aÞ]Ëe /bidu:rɔ/ - ]ËearàÑ /du:rɔbɔrtti:/
• Òa]Þ /bedi/ - `ÑW /pi:ʈ<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, Òa]Ñ /bedi:/ - Òa]s /bedʤgɲɔ/
• bÐiZ /b<sup>h</sup>a:ṣɔɳɔ/ - LkÞaÐ /kɔhiba:/, bÐjZ /b<sup>h</sup>a:sɔɳɔ/ - bÐjÞaÐ /b<sup>h</sup>a:siba:/
• dcL /ʤɔmɔkɔ/ - @f*Ðe /ɔɭɔŋka:rɔ/, ScL /ʤɔmɔkɔ/ - AXÏcée /a:ɖɔmbɔrɔ/
• da /ʤɔbɔ/ - da^Ð_ /ʤɔbɔd<sup>h</sup>a:nɔ/, Sa /ʤɔbɔ/ - ]ÍÊ[ /drutɔ/
• dÐ[ /ʤa:tɔ/ - N[ /gɔtɔ/, SÐ[ /ʤa:tɔ/ - D`ú_ð /utpɔnnɔ/
• ml /lɔkṣɔ/ - h[ jkjÍ jÕMÔÐ //, mlÔ /lɔkṣjɔ/ - DÒ~hÔ /uddeśjɔ/
• h¦ /śɔktɔ/ - jc\à /sɔmɔrt^hɔ/, j¦ /sɔktɔ/ - mNð /lɔgnɔ/
• h© /śɔptɔ/ - hÐ`Nͪ /śa:pɔgrɔstɔ/, j© /sɔptɔ/ - jÐ[/sa:tɔ/
• hÞe /śirɔ/ - hÞMe /śik<sup>h</sup>ɔrɔ/, jÑe /si:rɔ/ - jËdÔà /su:rʤjɔ/
• hÞf /śiɭɔ/ - `ͪe /prɔstɔrɔ/, hÑf /śi:ɭɔ/ - jébÐa /swɔb^ha:bɔ/
• hÊL /śukɔ/ - hÊA /śua:/, hËL /śu:kɔ/ - ^Ð_ÔÐ]Þe @NÍbÐN //
• hÍaZ /śrɔbɔɳɔ/ - hÊZÞaÐ /śuɳiba:/, jÍaZ /srɔbɔɳɔ/ - leÞaÐ /kṣɔriba:/
• jLf /sɔkɔɭɔ/ - jaÊ /sɔbu/, jcNÍ /sɔmɔgrɔ/, hLf /śɔkɔɭɔ/ - M¨ /k^hɔɳɖɔ/
• jaf /sɔbɔɭɔ/ - afhÐfÑ /bɔɭɔśa:ɭi:/, haf /śɔbɔɭɔ/ - QÞ[ÍÞ[ /tʃitritɔ/
• jc /sɔmɔ/ - jcÐ_ /sɔma:nɔ/, hc /śɔmɔ/ - hÐ«Þ /śa:nti/
• je /sɔrɔ/ - `Ê´eÞZÑ /puṣkɔriɳi:/, he /śɔrɔ/ - [Ñe /ti:rɔ/
• jÐ` /sa:pɔ/ - j`à /sɔrpɔ/, hÐ` /śa:pɔ/ - @bÞhÐ` /ɔb<sup>h</sup>iśa:pɔ/
• jÞ[ /sitɔ/ - hÊLìaÀà /śukɭɔbɔrɳɔ/, hÞ[ /śitɔ/ - [ÑlçZ /ti:kṣɔɳɔ/, hÑ[ /śi:tɔ/ - Òhß[Ôdʦ /śɔitjɔʤuktɔ/
• jÕLe /sɔŋkɔrɔ/ - cÞhÍ /miśrɔ/, h*e /śɔŋkɔrɔ/ - hÞa /śi:bɔ/
• jÊLe /sukɔrɔ/ - jÊjÐ^Ô /susa:d<sup>h</sup>jɔ/, hÊLe /śukɔrɔ/ - hÊLÍ NÍk /śukrɔ grɔhɔ/, hÊLÍaÐe /śukrɔba:rɔ/, hËLe /śu:kɔrɔ/ - aeÐk /bɔra:hɔ/
• jÊ[ /sutɔ/ - `Ê[Í /putrɔ/, jË[ /su:tɔ/ - jÐe\Þ /sa:rɔt^hi/
• jÊ[Ð /suta:/ - L_ÔÐ /kɔnja:/, jË[Ð /su:ta:/ - jË[Í /su:trɔ/
• jÊe /surɔ/ - Ò]a[Ð /debɔta:/, jËe /su:rɔ/ - jËdÔà /su:rʤjɔ/, hËe /śurɔ/ - aÑe /bi:rɔ/
• jË¦Þ /su:kti/ - ÒaÒ]Ц ÒªÐ[Í c§Ð]Þ //, hÊ¦Þ /śukti/ - h< /śɔŋk^hɔ/
• jËQÑ /su:tʃi:/ - RÊqÞ /tʃ^huntʃi/, hÊQÞ /śutʃi/ - `aÞ[Í[Ð /pɔbitrɔta:/
• jéjó /swɔsru/ - bDZÑ /b^hɔuɳi:/, héhÊÍ /śwɔśru/ - hÐhÊ /śa:śu/

Many meanings for a single Word (@Ò_LÐ\àL hv)

• @* /ɔŋkɔ/ : ÒLÐÍXÏ /kroɖɔ/, QÞkð /tʃihnɔ/, aià /bɔrṣɔ/, jÕMÔÐ /sɔmk^hja:/
• @\à /ɔrt^hɔ/ : [Ð`údÔà /ta:tpɔrʤjɔ/, `ÍÒ¯ÐS_ /prɔjoʤɔnɔ/, cÊ]ÍÐ /mudra:/
• @cée /ɔmbɔrɔ/ : ALÐh /a:ka:śɔ/, a± /bɔstrɔ/
• Dre /uttɔrɔ/ : ]ÞN /digɔ/, `Íhðe Dre /prɔśnɔrɔ uttɔrɔ/, DreLÐf /uttɔrɔka:ɭɔ/, DreÐ^ÞLÐeÑ /uttɔra:d<sup>h</sup>ika:ri: /
• L /kɔ/ : Sf /ʤɔɭɔ/, aÞ»Ê /biṣɳu/
• LVL /kɔʈɔkɔ/ : eÐS^Ð_Ñ /ra:ʤɔd<sup>h</sup>a:ni:/, hÞaÞe /śibirɔ/, Òjß_Ô /sɔinjɔ/
• LMf /kɔk<sup>h</sup>ɔɭɔ/ : Sf /ʤɔɭɔ/, `]ê /pɔdmɔ/
• Le /kɔrɔ/ : MSZÐ /k^hɔʤɔɳa:/, kÐ[/ha:tɔ/
• LfÐ` /kɔɭa:pɔ/ : c¯Ëe`Êo /mju:rɔputʃtʃ^hɔ/, jcËk /sɔmu:hɔ/
• LfÞ /kɔɭi/ : Lf_Ð /kɔɭɔna:/, LfÞLÐ /kɔɭika:/, LfÞdÊN /kɔɭiʤugɔ/, aÞaÐ] /biba:dɔ/
• LÐf /ka:ɭɔ/ : LÐf[ʨР/ka:ɭɔtuɳɖa:/, LÐfj`à /ka:ɭɔsɔrpɔ/, Ló»aÀà /krɨṣɳɔbɔrɳɔ/, dc /ʤɔmɔ/, jc¯ /sɔmɔjɔ/
• N¨ /gɔɳɖɔ/ : LÒ`Ðf /kɔpoɭɔ/, N¨cËMà /gɔɳɖɔmu:rk^hɔ/, _Ce N¨ //, aZÊA SÐ[Þ aÞÒhi //
• NÊZ /guɳɔ/ : NÊZ_ /guɳɔnɔ/, ]ÞNÊZ /duguɳɔ/, Ò]Ði J NÊZ /doṣɔ o guɳɔ/, ^_Êe NÊZ /d^hnurɔ guɳɔ/
• NÊeÊ /guru/ : JS_ÞA /oʤɔnia:/, NÊeÊ]ЯÞ[é /guruda:jitwɔ/, NÊeÊaÐe /guruba:rɔ/, aók¸[Þ /brɨhɔsp
• ɔti/, hÞlL /śikṣkɔ/, Òhͺ /śreṣʈ^hɔ/
• NʨР/guɳɖa:/ : NʨÐH /guɳɖa:e/ bÐ[ /b^ha:tɔ/, QË_Ð /tʃu:na:/, ]ÊaÊàr /durbuttɔ/
• O_ /g^hɔnɔ/ : O_O_ /g^hɔnɔg^hɔnɔ/, ÒcO akf /meg^hɔ bɔhɔɭɔ/, Òl[Íe O_$f /kṣetrɔrɔ g^hɔnɔp^hɔɭɔ/
• [_Ê /tɔnu/ : @Á /ɔɭpɔ/, Lóh /krɨś/, Ò]k /dehɔ/
• [Ðf /ta:ɭɔ/ : [ÐfNR /ta:ɭɔgɔtʃ^hɔ/, aÐ]Ôe [Ðf /ba:djɔrɔ ta:ɭɔ/
• [Þf /tiɭɔ/ : MjÐ aÐ eÐhÞ /k^hɔsa: ba: ra:śi/, Ò]ke [Þf QÞkð /dehɔrɔ tiɭɔ tʃihnɔ/, [ÞÒfcÐ[Í /tiɭema:trɔ/
• [ÊfÐ /tuɭa:/ : L`Ð[ÊfÐ /kɔpa:tuɭa:/, _ÞLÞ[Þ /nikiti/, [Êf_Ð /tuɭɔna:/, [ÊfÐ eÐhÞ /tuɭa: ra:śi/
• ]f /dɔɭɔ/ : jÐ^Êj_ÔÐjÑ ]f /sa:d<sup>h</sup>usɔnja:si: dɔɭɔ/, ]f_ /dɔɭɔnɔ/, `[Í Ò`ÐMeÑe ]f $Ême `ÐMÊXÏÐ //
• ^Ðe /d^ha:rɔ/ : @±e ^Ðe /ɔstrɔrɔ d^ha:rɔ/, Sf^Ðe /ʤɔɭɔ d^ha:rɔ/, ^Ðe Ò]aÐ /d^ha:rɔdeba:/, _]Ñe ^Ðe /nɔdi:rɔ d^ha:rɔ/
• ^Ñe /d^hi:rɔ/ : AÒª /a:ste/, `¨Þ[ /pɔɳɖitɔ/
• _ÐL /na:kɔ/ : _ÐjÐ /na:sa:/, jéNà /swɔrgɔ/
• `l /pɔkṣɔ/ : Ló»`l /krɨṣɳɔpɔkṣɔ/, ÒXÏZÐ /ɖeɳa:/, `Ðhéà /pa:rśwɔ/
• `¨Ð /pɔɳɖa:/ : @¨ÞeÐ /ɔɳɖira:/, cBÜiÞ /mɔiɱṣi/, D`Ð^Þ /upa:d^hi/, `¨Þ[ /pɔɳɖitɔ/
• `ÐV /pa:ʈɔ/ : Sf`ÐV (Sfc¯ bËcÞ) /ʤɔɭɔ pa:ʈɔ/, Òhͺ (`ÐVeÐZÑ `ÐVkÐ[Ñ `ÐVa±) // aÀà /bɔrɳɔ/ : @le
• /ɔkṣɔrɔ/, SÐ[Þ /ʤa:ti/, e= /rɔŋgɔ/
• a_ /bɔnɔ/ : Sf /ʤɔɭɔ/, aZ /bɔɳɔ/
• ae /bɔrɔ/ : _ó`ae /nrɨpɔbɔrɔ/, aeL_ÔÐ /bɔrɔkɔnja:/, aeNR /bɔrɔgɔtʃ<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, ae cÐNÞaÐ /bɔrɔ
• ma:giba:/, aÞaÐke ae /biba:hɔrɔ bɔrɔ/, Òhͺ /śreṣʈ<sup>h</sup>ɔ/
• aÕh /bɔṃśɔ/ : LÊf /kuɭɔ/, aÐDÜh /ba:uɱśɔ/
• aÐXÏÞ /ba:ɖi/ : OeaÐXÏÞ /g<sup>h</sup>ɔrɔ ba:ɖi/, L]fÑaÐXÏÞ /kɔdɔɭi: ba:ɖi/, d½Þ /ʤɔṣʈ<sup>h</sup>i/, kBSÐ /hɔiʤa:/
• aÐN /ba:gɔ/ : A¯r /a:jɔttɔ/, ^eZ /d<sup>h</sup>ɔrɔɳɔ/, aNÞQÐ /bɔgitʃa:/, mNÐcç /lɔga:m/
• aÐj /ba:sɔ/ : Nu /gɔnd<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, Oe /g<sup>h</sup>ɔrɔ/, a± /bɔstrɔ/
• aór /brɨttɔ/ : QeÞ[Í /tʃɔritrɔ/, QLÍLÐe /tʃɔkrɔka:rɔ/, Rt /tʃ<sup>h</sup>ɔndɔ/, aÔajЯ /bjɔbɔsa:jɔ/
• cÐm /ma:lɔ/ : cÐmLÊªÞ /ma:lɔkusti/, cÊ~Ðàe LÐÒuBaÐ ÒmÐL //, SÞ_Þi`[Í /ʤiniṣɔpɔtrɔ/, ^_ jÕ`rÞ /d<sup>h</sup>ɔnɔ sɔmpɔtti/
• cÞ[Í /mitrɔ/ : auÊ /bɔnd<sup>h</sup>u/, jËdÔà /su:rʤjɔ/
• eÐc /ra:mɔ/ : jÊte /sundɔrɔ/, hÍÑ eÐcQtÍ /śri: ra:mɔtʃɔndrɔ/
• juÞ /sɔnd<sup>h</sup>i/ : $Ð* /p<sup>h</sup>a:ŋkɔ/, ]ÊBaÀàe cÞf_ //, juÞ ÒOÐVÞdÞaÐ //, juÞÒaf //, dÊw `Òe juÞ //
• jÐe /sa:rɔ/ : M[ /k^hɔtɔ/, ÒM[Òe aÔakó[ jÐe //, jÐeccà /sa:rɔmɔrmɔ/
• hÍÊ[Þ /śruti/ : LÀà /kɔrɳɔ/, Ò]a /debɔ/
• keÞ /hɔri/ : BtÍ /indrɔ/, QtÍ /tʃɔndrɔ/, aÐ¯Ê /ba:ju/, jËdÔà /su:rʤjɔ/, aÐ_e /ba:nɔrɔ/, Òa= /beŋgɔ/, j`à /sɔrpɔ/, jÞÕk /siṃhɔ/

C. Morphology or the Word Structure

Morphologically, Oriya is an agglutinative language. But it is not highly inflectional in nature like the Dravidian languages. It can be said as a moderately agglutinative language. It belongs to an inflectional category with a class of affixes such as gender, number, person, case, tense, aspect, modality, voice that share a common grammatical feature.

In general, Oriya can have the following Parts-of-Speech, such as the Noun (aÞÒhiÔ), the Verb (LÍÞ¯Ð), the Pronoun (jaà_Ðc), the Adjective (aÞÒhiZ), and the Indeclinable (@aÔ¯).

A. The Noun (aÞÒhiÔ)

In a narrow sense, nouns in Oriya can be of five types. They are

1. Proper noun (aÔ¦ÞaÐQL) ex. eÐc /ra:mɔ/ ‘Ram’, kÞcÐf¯ /hima:ɭɔjɔ/ ‘the Himalaya’.
2. Common noun (SÐ[ÞaÐQL) ex. NÐC /ga:i:/ ‘cow’, cZÞi /mɔɳiṣɔ/ ‘human being’.
3. Material noun (aªÊaÐQL) ex. Sf /ʤɔɭɔ/ ‘water’, Ò[m /telɔ/ ‘oil’.
4. Collective noun (jc½ÞaÐQL) ex. ]f /dɔɭɔ/ ‘group’, ÒhÍZÑ /śreɳi:/ ‘class’.
5. Abstract noun (bÐaaÐQL) ex. ]¯Ð /dɔja:/ ‘kindness’, jef[Ð /sɔrɔɭɔta:/ ‘simplicity’.

Among these five types of nouns in Oriya, the abstract nouns are formed in three different ways such as,

1. from the common nouns ↝

aÐfL /ba:ɭɔkɔ/ ‘boy’ – aÐfL[é /ba:ɭɔkɔtwɔ/ ‘boyhood’, auÊ /bɔnd^hu/ ‘friend’ – auÊ[é /bɔnd^hutwɔ/ ‘friendship’

2. from the adjectives ↝

hÑ[f /śi:tɔɭɔ/ ‘cold’ - hÑ[f[Ð /śi:tɔɭɔta:/ ‘coldness’, Òhͺ /śreṣʈ^hɔ/ ‘superior’ - Òhͺ [é /śreṣʈ^hɔtwɔ/ ‘superiority’

3. from the verbs ↝

ceÞaÐ /mɔriba:/ ‘to die’ - ceZ /mɔrɔɳɔ/ ‘death’, Ò]MÞaÐ /dek^hiba:/ ‘o see’ - ]hà_ /dɔrśɔnɔ/ ‘seeing’

Nominal forms and the Inflectional Categories

Gender

Oriya does not have grammatical gender i.e. there is no grammatical distinction of masculine and feminine. It is not like Hindi, in which every noun belongs to a grammatical gender, masculine or feminine. In Oriya, gender is basically used for semantic purposes, that is, to distinguish a male teacher (hÞlL /śikṣɔkɔ/) from a female teacher (hÞl¯[ÍÑ /śikṣɔjɔtri:/) or a male doctor (XÏЦe /ṛa:ktɔrɔ/) from a female doctor (XÏЦeÐZÑ /ṛa:ktɔra:ɳi:/).

Feminine forms of nouns and adjectives are usually derived from their masculine forms by using suffixes like -A /-a:/, -C /-i:/, -ZÑ /-ɳi/, -AZÑ /-a:ɳi:/, -DZÑ /-uɳi:/. For example, ]ʽ /dusʈɔ/ - ]ʽР/duṣʈa:/ ‘wicked’, jÊte /sundɔrɔ/ - jÊteÑ /sundɔri:/ beautiful, cÊmÞA /mulia:/ - cÊmÞAZÑ /mulia:ɳi:/ ‘laborer’, aÐeÞL /ba:rikɔ/ - aÐeÞLÐZÑ /ba:rika:ɳi:/ ‘barber’, bÞLÐeÑ /b^hika:ri:/ - bÞLÐeÊZÑ /b^hika:ruɳi:/ ‘beggar’.

Number

The Oriya grammatical system has two numbers: HL aQ_ /ekɔ/ singular and (akÊ aQ_) plural. In Oriya, Singular number is not marked, whereas the plural number is marked using one of these markers -cÐÒ_ /-ma:ne/, -NÊXÏÞL /-guṛikɔ/, -NÊXÏÐ/-guṛa:/, -* /-ŋkɔ/, etc. However, -cÐÒ_/-ma:ne/ is used for pluralizing human nouns and -NÊXÏÞL /-guṛikɔ/ and -NÊXÏÐL /-guṛa:ka/ are used for non-human nouns. For example,

	`ÞmÐ /pila:/ boy -  `ÞmÐcÐÒ_ /pila:ma:ne/ boys,
	akÞ /bɔhi/ book - akÞNÊXÏÞL /bɔhiguṛikɔ/ books, etc.

However, it is also possible to use human nouns, for persons who are not held with respect in the society such as, ÒQÐe /tʃorɔ/ thief – ÒQÐeNÊXÏÐL /tʃorɔguṛa:ka/ thieves.

If -NÊXÏÞL /-guṛikɔ/ and -NÊXÏÐL /-guṛa:kɔ/ is used with people who are held with respect it may imply disrespect or even pity such as,

	a]cÐj   XÏЦe-NÊXÏÐL 		aÞQeÐ   XÏЦe-NÊXÏÐL
	‘wicked  doctor’    pl. 			‘poor 	      doctor’    pl.
	‘wicked doctors’ 				‘poor doctors’

It is however, impossible to use -cÐÒ_/-ma:ne/ with the inanimate nouns such as akÞcÐÒ_ /bɔhima:ne/ books (this is ungrammatical).

There is no dual, trio, quadral, etc. numbers in Oriya. -H /-e/ and -cÐÒ_/-ma:ne/ are in free variation and only one of these plural markers can occur at one time. Normally, there is no double plural marking in Oriya. -H /-e/ is used in case of quantity nouns and measurement too like ÒjÒe ]Ê^ /sere dud^hɔ/ “an ounce of milk”, LÞÒm QÐDf /kile tʃa:uɭɔ/ ‘a Kilo of rice’.

Numbers like ]ÊB SZ /dui ʤɔɳɔ/ ‘two (person)’ or [Þ_ÞVÐ /tiniʈa:/ ‘three-suffix’ can also be used to pluralize nouns. They can be used either before the noun or after the noun. For example,

	]ÊB   SZ      hÞlL			hÞlL    ]ÊB   SZ
	‘two     person      teacher’		‘teacher     two     person’
	‘two teachers’				‘two teachers’

	[Þ_Þ-VÐ 	  LÊLÊe			LÊLÊe   [Þ_Þ-VÐ
	‘three suffix      dog’ 			‘dog 	    three suffix’
	‘Three dogs’					‘Three dogs’

A numeral with the suffix -VÐ /-ʈa:/ or -VÞ /-ʈi/ is usually used with non-human nouns. It is, however, possible to use it with a human noun, although if it implies disrespect to the persons referred to: [Þ_ÞVÐ hÞlL /tiniʈa: śikṣɔkɔ/ ‘three teachers’. But it is impossible to use a numeral with SZ /ʤɔɳɔ/ with a non-human noun: ]ÊB SZ NÐC /dui ʤɔɳɔ ga:i:/ ‘two cows’ (it is ungrammatical).

To express singularity unambiguously, suffixes like -VÐ /-ʈa:/, -ÒV /-ʈe/, -VÞ /-ʈi/, -VÐH /-ʈa:e/, and -VÞH /-ʈie/ and numerals like -ÒNÐÒV /-goʈe/ ‘one’ or -SÒZ /-ʤɔɳe/ ‘one person’ are used. Numerals can be used before or after the noun. -ÒNÐÒV /-goʈe/ can be used with either non-human or human nouns. But -SÒZ /-ʤɔɳe/ must be used only with the human nouns. The following examples illustrate this:

	akÞ-ÒV 		ÒNÐÒV jÐ` 	`ÞmÐ   SÒZ
	‘book indef’. 	‘One 	  snake’ 	‘child    one (person)’
	‘a book’ 		‘one snake’ 		‘one child’

There are some free morphemes too which are used as plurals. They are A]Þ /a:di/, jaÊ /sɔbu/, jcÒª /sɔmɔste/, ]f /dɔɭɔ/, `m /pɔlɔ/, B[ÔÐ]Þ /itja:di/, ÒNÐW /goʈ^hɔ/, aót /brunda/.

jaÊ /sɔbu/ can be used both before or after the noun such as given below:

	jaÊ   akÞ 			akÞ    jaÊ
	‘all       book’		‘book     all’
	‘all books’ 			‘all books’

Apart from all these, there are some more morphemes which can be used as plurals in Oriya such as, jcËk /sɔmu:hɔ/, aNà /bɔrgɔ/, NZ /gɔɳɔ/, dË\ /ʤut^hɔ/, eÐSÞ /ra:ʤi/, cÐfÐ /ma:ɭa:/, `Pç¦Þ /pɔɱkti/ used in ]ÊNàjcËk /durgɔsɔmu:hɔ/, auÊaNà /bɔnd<sup>h</sup>ubɔrgɔ/, Ò_[ÐNZ /neta:gɔɳɔ/, LeÞdË\ /kɔriʤut<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, a_eÐSÞ /bɔnɔra:ʤi/, `aà[cÐfÐ /pɔrbɔtɔma:ɭa:/, aL`Pç¦Þ /bɔkɔpɔɱkti/ respectively. However, Oriya shows four-fold devices to express the plural number:

• by adding the suffixes
• by adding the nouns of multitude
• by adding the nouns of multitude + the plural affix
• by reduplication of adjectives, nouns, and pronouns.

Case

Case or LÐeL is a grammatical category determined by the syntactic or semantic function of a noun or pronoun. The term case has traditionally been restricted to apply to those languages which indicate certain functions by the inflection of nouns, pronouns, or noun phrase constituents, such as adjectives and numerals.

In a narrow sense, case is the relationship between the constituents and the verb of the sentence. For example,

cÐÜ 	  eÐ[ÍÞÒe  bÞLÐeÞLÊ   NókeÊ     jékªÒe      QÐDf   Ò]Òm Ð
maɱ	   ra:trire	bhika:riku  grɨhɔru    swɔhɔstɔre	tʃa:uɭɔ   dele
mother  in the       to the          from  	    with her           rice     give (Past)
night       beggar        the house  own own hand
‘Mother gave rice to the beggar with her own hand from the house at night.’

In the sentence given above, the verb Ò]Òm /dele/ is related with the other words/constituents such as,

• ‘Who gave? – mother’, LÞH Ò]Òm?– cÐÜ
• ‘What did she give?’ – rice, L'Z Ò]Òm?– QÐDf
• ‘How did she give?/By what did she give?’ – with her own hand, LÐkÞÜÒe Ò]Òm?– jékªÒe
• ‘Whom did she give? – to the beggar’, LÐkÐLÊ Ò]Òm?– bÞLÐeÞLÊ
• ‘Where did she give from? – from house’, ÒLDÜWÐeÊ Ò]Òm?– NókeÊ
• ‘When did she give? – at night’. ÒLÒ[ÒaÒf Ò]Òm?– eÐ[ÍÞÒe

From the above example, it is clear that there can be 6 types of cases in Oriya, viz. LrÊà /kɔrttu/ Nominative, Lcà /kɔrmɔ/ Accusative, LeZ /kɔrɔɳɔ/ Instrumental, jÕ`Í]Ð_ /sɔmprɔda:nɔ/ Dative, @`Ð]Ð_ /ɔpa:da:nɔ/ Ablative, Genitive, @^ÞLeZ /ɔd^hikɔrɔɳɔ/ Locative, and jÒcÐé^_`] /sɔmwod^hɔnɔ/ Vocative.

Subjects in Oriya can take nominative, instrumental, dative, locative, and genitive case markers. Direct objects take accusative case, indirect object take dative case, and oblique objects take locative, ablative case markers.

1. The Nominative Case (LrÊàLÐeL) `Í\cÐ aÞb¦Þ

The nominative case names the agent or the one who does something, such as

	jËdÔà D]¯ ÒkDR«Þ Ð		‘The sun is rising.’
	aÐfLcÐÒ_ `YÏÊ@R«Þ Ð		‘The boys are reading.’

Here jËdÔà and aÐfLcÐÒ_ govern the verbs D]¯ ÒkDR«Þ and `YÏÊ@R«Þ. They are called the doer or LrÐà.

Some other examples of nominative case are given below.

	aÐfLcÐÒ_ `YÏ«Þ Ð 		‘The boys read’
	NÐC OÐj MÐH Ð  			‘The cow eats grass’

In these sentences aÐfLcÐÒ_ and NÐC are nominative cases. cÐÒ_, NÊXÏÞL, NZ, etc. are used in the plural numbers of the nominatives.

2. The Accusative/Objective Case (LcàLÐeL) ]Þé[ѯРaÞb¦Þ

Whatever is done or acted upon by the verb is called the accusative or the objective case LcàLÐeL. It is generally governed by a transitive verb such as the examples given below.

	eÐc bÐ[ MÐDRÞ Ð 			‘Ram is eating rice’
	ekÞc eÐcLÊ jÐkÐdÔ LeÊ@RÞ Ð 	‘Karim is helping Ram’

In these sentences bÐ[ and eÐcLÊ are the accusative case, but in bÐ[ no accusative suffix is attached to the words. In Oriya, the finite verb generally comes after the object, but in English the object is often placed after the verb.

3. The Instrumental Case (LeZLÐeL) [ó[ѯРaÞb¦Þ

This case denotes something which helps in the completion of an act, such as

	kÐ[Ò]B LÐc Le Ð 	‘Do work with your hand’
	RÊeÑÒe A[VÞ LÐV Ð 	‘Cut the apple with the knife’

An instrumental case is usually formed by the words like Òe, ]éÐeÐ, Ò]B, LrÊàL, etc.

In passive voice [ó[ѯРaÞb¦Þ (the third case-ending) is used with the nominative as,

[ÊÒc akÞVÞ `YÏÞR Ð 		‘You have read this book’
[Êc]éÐeÐ akÞVÞ `YÏÐ ÒkBRÞ Ð 	‘This book has been read by you’

4. The Dative Case (jÕ`Í]Ð_LÐeL) Q[Êà\Ñ aÞb¦Þ

The Dative case denotes something like an unreserved gift which can never be taken back. For example,

cÐÜ bÞLÐeÑLÊ QÐDf Ò]Òm Ð 		‘Mother gave rice to the beggar’

Here bÞLÐeÑLÊ is the dative case. This case has become practically merged with the accusative/objective case.

5. The Ablative Case (@`Ð]Ð_LÐeL) `qcÑ aÞb¦Þ

@`Ð]Ð_ is the name of something from which a thing or person is detached or experiences some kind of feeling such as,

NReÊ `[Í`ÒXÏÐ 			‘Leaves fall from trees’
^ÊcÍ`Ð_eÊ aÞe[ kÊ@ Ð 		‘Abstain from smoking’

The ablative case or @`Ð]Ð_LÐeL is generally formed by eÊ or WÐeÊ etc.

6. The Locative Case (@^ÞLeZLÐeL) j©cÑ aÞb¦Þ

In Oriya, the locative case has the same relation with the verb as an adverb of place or time. It simply shows when or where an event happens. There are three kinds of locative case. They are

a.	LÐfÐ^ÞLeZ (denoting time)
MeÐÒaÒf aÐkÐÒe aÊmÞaÐ bm LÞ?
‘Is it good to roam outside during the summer?’

	jLÐfÒe aÔЯÐc LeÞaÐ DQÞ[ Ð
‘It is good to exercise in the morning’

b.	yÐ_Ð^ÞLeZ (denoting place)
cÊÜ ckÞjËeÒe eÒk Ð
‘I stay in Mysore’

jËdÔà `Ëaà ]ÞNÒe D]¯ kÊ@«Þ Ð
‘The sun rises in the east’

c.	bÐaÐ^ÞLeZ (denoting matter)
H\ÞÒe [Êce c[ L'Z?
‘What is your opinion about this matter?’
	NZÞ[Òe Òj @]Þé[ѯ Ð
	‘He is without a second in Mathematics’

7. The Vocative Case (jÒcÐé^_`])

Òk bNaÐ_ ! ÒcÐÒ[ lcÐ Le«Ê Ð 		‘Oh Lord! Forgive me’
Òk aÐfLNZ ! [ÊÒc ÒLcÞ[Þ @R ? 		‘Oh boys! How are you?’
LÞÒkÐ ! [ÊÒc HWÐÒe ! 				‘Hello! You are here!’

In these sentences Òk bNaÐ_, Òk aÐfLNZ, and LÞÒkÐ are in the vocative case.

But the above data on Oriya case system is based on the Sanskrit grammar.

Case: a computational study

However from the point of view of a computational grammar, one can assume that Oriya has three Cases: nominative, genitive, and objective (see Mohanty 1986). Usually the nominative case marker is null: the genitive case marker is e /-ra/; and the objective case marker is LÊ /-ku/.

The following are some examples of nouns and pronouns in these three cases:

	eÐc /ra:mɔ/ (NOMINATIVE) ‘Rama’
	eÐce /ra:mɔrɔ/ (GENITIVE) ‘of Rama’
	eÐcLÊ /ra:mɔku/ (OBJECTIVE) ‘to Rama’
	akÞ /bɔhi/ (NOMINATIVE) ‘book’
	akÞe /bɔhirɔ/ (GENITIVE) ‘of book’
	akÞLÊ /bɔhiku/ (OBJECTIVE) ‘to book’
	[ÊÒc /tume/ (NOMINATIVE) ‘you’
	[Êce /tumɔrɔ/ (GENITIVE) ‘your/yours’
	[ÊcLÊ /tumɔku/ (OBJECTIVE) ‘to you’
	Òj /se/ (NOMINATIVE) ‘he/she’
	[Ðe /ta:rɔ/ (GENITIVE) ‘his/her’
	[ÐLÊ /ta:ku/ (OBJECTIVE) ‘him/her’.

But the following are some well-known exceptions to the pattern illustrated in the above examples:

	cÊÜ /muɱ/ (NOMINATIVE) ‘I’
	ÒcÐe /morɔ/ (GENITIVE) ‘mine’
	ÒcÐÒ[ /mote/ (OBJECTIVE) ‘to me’
	[Ê /tu/ (NOMINATIVE) ‘you (non-honorific)’
	Ò[Ðe /torɔ/ (GENITIVE) ‘your/yours’
	Ò[ÐÒ[ /tote/ (OBJECTIVE) ‘to you (non-honorific)’

It is not possible to say ÒcÐLÊ *moku for ‘me’ or Ò[ÐLÊ *toku for ‘you’ (OBJECTIVE)’.

With plural and honorific nouns and pronouns, genitive and objective cases are usually realized as *e /-ŋkrɔ/ and *Ê /-ŋku/, respectively. The following examples illustrate this:

	eÐcaÐaÊ /ra:mɔba:bu/ (NOMINATIVE) ‘Ramababu honorific’
	eÐcaÐaÊ*e /ra:mɔba:buŋkɔrɔ/ (GENITIVE) ‘of Ramababu honorific’
	eÐcaÐaÊ*Ê /ra:mɔba:buŋku/ (OBJECTIVE) ‘to Ramababu honorific’
	Òj /se/ (NOMINATIVE) ‘he/she honorific’
	[Ð*e /ta:ŋkɔrɔ/ (GENITIVE) ‘his/her honorific’
	[Ð*Ê /ta:ŋku/ (OBJECTIVE) ‘him/her honorific’
	A`Z /a:pɔɳɔ/ (NOMINATIVE) ‘you honorific’
	A`Z*e /a:pɔɳɔŋkɔrɔ/ (GENITIVE) ‘of you honorific’
	A`Z*Ê /a:pɔɳɔŋku/ (OBJECTIVE) ‘to you honorific’
	ÒjcÐÒ_ /sema:ne/ (NOMINATIVE) ‘they’
	ÒjcÐ_*e /sema:nɔŋkɔrɔ/ (GENITIVE) ‘their’
	ÒjcÐ_*Ê /sema:nɔŋku/ (GENITIVE) ‘them’

When a noun or pronoun in the genitive form is used attributively // is often deleted:

	Genitive form with /-rɔ/ 		Attributive use without /-rɔ/

	eÐce /ra:mɔrɔ/				eÐc akÞ /ra:mɔ bɔhi/
	‘Rama’s non-honorific’			‘Rama’s non-honorific book’

	eÐcaÐaÊ*e /ra:mɔba:buŋkɔrɔ/ 	eÐcaÐaÊ* akÞ /ra:mɔba:buŋkɔ bɔhi/
	‘Ramababu’s honorific’			‘Ramababu’s honorific book’

	ÒcÐe /morɔ/ 				ÒcÐ akÞ /mo bɔhi/
	‘mine/my’					‘my book’

	ÒjcÐ_*e /sema:nɔŋkɔrɔ/		ÒjcÐ_* akÞ /sema:nɔŋkɔ bɔhi/
	‘their’						‘their book’

Although // can be and is commonly deleted when a noun or pronoun in the genitive form is used attributively, it cannot be deleted when it is used predicatively. The following examples illustrate this.

i.	HB  akÞVÐ 		eÐce/*eÐc Ð
ei 	     bɔhiʈa: 		ra:mɔrɔ/*ra:mɔ
this    book definite  	Rama’s non-honorific
‘This book is Rama’s.

ii.	HB  akÞVÐ 		eÐcaÐaÊ*e/*eÐcaÐaÊ* Ð
ei 	     bɔhiʈa: 		ra:mɔba:buŋkɔrɔ/*ra:mɔba:buŋkɔ
this    book definite    Ramababu’s honorific
This book is Ramababu’s.

iii.	HB  akÞVÐ 		ÒcÐe/*ÒcÐ Ð
ei  	     bɔhiʈa:   	morɔ/*mo
this    book definite 	my/mine
‘This book is mine.’

iv.	HB  akÞVÐ 		ÒjcÐ_*e/*ÒjcÐ_* Ð
ei  	     bɔhiʈa:   	sema:nɔŋkɔrɔ/*sema:nɔŋkɔ
this    book definite     their
‘This book is theirs.’

So, it can be said that the genitive has two forms in Oriya: attributive and predicative. The attributive form is without e /-rɔ/, which is commonly used in the attributive position. The predicative form is with e /-rɔ/, which must be used in the predicative position.

Postpositions like ]éÐeÐ /dwa:ra:/ ‘by’, `ÐBÜ /pa:iɱ/ ‘for’, WÐeÊ /ʈ<sup>h</sup>a:ru/ ‘from’, `ÐMÒe /pa:k^hɔre/ ‘near’, mÐNÞ /la:gi/ ‘for’, etc. are usually used with the attributive form of the genitive:

ÒcÐ   ]éÐeÐ		eÐcaÐaÊ* 		    	`ÐBÜ		ÒcÐ    	mÐNÞ
mo	dwa:ra:	ra:mɔba:buŋkɔ		pa:iɱ		mo		la:gi
my      by		Ramababu’s honorific    	for		my         for
‘by me’		‘for Ramababu honorific’			‘for me’

ÒjcÐ_*		WÐeÊ		[Ð				`ÐMÒe
Sema:nɔŋkɔ	ʈha:ru	ta:				pa:khɔre
their			from		his/her non-honorific	near
‘from them’				‘near him/her non-honorific’

It can therefore be said that, in Oriya, the attributive genitive form is usually used as the oblique form.

B. The Verb (LÍÞ¯Ð)

The verb root is the heart of the construction. So, the verb root is the basic element, stripped of all affixes. Verbs carry the idea of being or action in the sentence. In Oriya, sometimes a verb root will be followed by one or more suffixes. For example – kjç /hɔs/, Leç /kɔr/, etc. To create some verbal forms, one has to add suffixes or inflectional forms like BmÐ /-ila:/, B\ÞmÐ /-it^hila:/, D\ÞmÐ /-ut^hila:/, BRÞ /-itʃ^hi/, B@RÞ /-iɔtʃ^hi/, Ba /-ibɔ/, B\Þa/-it^hibɔ/, D\Þa /-ut^hibɔ/, etc.

Classification of the Oriya Verbs Roots

Oriya roots (^Ð[Ê) may be classified as primary (ÒcßÐfÞL) and secondary or derivative (ÒaßLó[ÞL) according to their origin. The primary roots may be further subdivided into tatsama ([júc), tadbhava ([¡a), desaja (Ò]hS), and bideshi (aÞÒ]hÑ).

• Tatsama ([júc) Root: These are the Old Indo Aryan roots which are exactly used in Oriya without any modification. These ‘tatsama’ words have been taken exactly from Sanskrit. These roots are of two categorizes such as simple and prefixed.

The simple or the unprefixed ‘tatsama’ roots are @`àç /ɔrpɔ/ ‘surrender’, NSàç /gɔrʤ/ ‘shout’, Qeç /tʃɔr/ ‘graze’, LÊVç /kuʈ/ ‘pound/grind’, mÊVç /luʈ/ ‘plunder/loot’, etc. The prefixed roots are ANcç /a:gɔm/ ‘arrive’, `ÍÒahç /prɔbeś/ ‘come inside’, `ÍLÐhç /prɔka:ś/ ‘reveal’, jc`àç /sɔmɔrp/ ‘surrender’, AQeç /a:tʃɔr/ ‘behave’, etc.

• Tadbhava ([¡a) Root: Tadbhava roots are the modified Old Indo Aryan derivatives with due phonological changes. So, these roots are quite frequent in Oriya. For example - _ÐQç /na:tʃ/ ‘dance’, `Þ /pi/ ‘drink’, aÞLç /bik/ ‘sell’, hÞMç /śik<sup>h</sup>/ ‘learn’, ^eç /d<sup>h</sup>ɔr/ ‘catch’, etc.
• Desaja (Ò]hS) Root: These roots are of uncertain origin, i.e. it has not been decided whether these roots have been taken from Sanskrit or not. For example - @VLç /ɔʈɔk/ ‘stop’, QcLç /tʃɔmɔk/ ‘shock’, QÐkÜç /tʃa:hɱ/ ‘look’, ÒWmç /ʈ<sup>h</sup>el/ ‘push’, LÐcÊXÏç /ka:muṛ/ ‘bite’, etc.
• Bideshi (aÞÒ]hÑ) Root: The roots which have originated from some foreign sources and are not derived from the Old Indo Aryan or Sanskrit are treated as Bideshi root. For example - `NXÏç /pɔgɔṛ/ ‘catch’, a]fç /bɔdɔɭ/ ‘change’, aÞNXÏç /bigɔṛ/ ‘damage/spoil’, Lcç /kɔm/ ‘reduce’, Scç /ʤɔm/ ‘freeze/solidify’, etc.

The secondary or the derivative roots can also be classified into 4 types such as, Causative roots (`ÍÒ¯ÐSL ^Ð[Ê), Denominative roots (_Ðc ^Ð[Ê), Sananta roots (j«[ ^Ð[Ê), and Onomatopoetic roots (dP« ^Ð[Ê).

• Causative roots (`ÍÒ¯ÐSL or Ò`ÍeZÐ\àL ^Ð[Ê): Causative verb roots are used to express a causal relationship between the subject and object in a sentence. So, when one uses the causative, one does not carry out an action himself, and are responsible for the action being performed. In Oriya, the causative is formed with the affix A /-a:/. The following are some of the causative roots used in Oriya, NYÏÐ /gɔrha:/ ‘to make by somebody’, ajÐ /bɔsa:/ ‘to put’, ÒmMÐ /lek^ha:/ ‘to write by somebody’, kjÐ /hɔsa:/ ‘to make somebody laugh’, aÊmÐ /bula:/ ‘to make somebody roam’, etc.
• Denominative roots (_Ðc ^Ð[Ê): The denominatives show the formative /-a:i/, which is traceable to the Sanskrit denominatives in /-a:ya/ such as /gopa:jɔti/ and /ɔśwa:jɔti/. This /-a:i/ often becomes /-ei/ by the usual phonetic change in Oriya and in a few cases it seems to have been shortened to /-i/. These denominatives can be of different types such as (a) denominatives from the nominal base, (b) denominatives from adjectives, (c) foreign denominatives from Perso-Arabic source. These denominative roots are formed by the addition of /-iba:/, /-eiba:/, /-a:iba:/, etc.
1. Denominatives from the nominal base: ÒNÐXÏ /goṛɔ/ ÒNÐÒXÏBaÐ /goṛeiba:/, ScÐ /ʤɔma:/ ScÐ(Òc)BaÐ /ʤɔm-a:(e)-iba:/, aÐXÏÞ /ba:ṛi/ aÐÒXÏBaÐ /ba:ṛeiba:/, LÐ_ /ka:nɔ/ LÐÒ_BaÐ /ka:neiba:/, `ÐM /pa:k<sup>h</sup>ɔ/ `ÐÒMBaÐ /pa:k^heiba:/, etc.
2. Denominatives from adjectives: AN /a:gɔ/ AÒNBaÐ /a:geiba:/, a*Ð /bɔŋka:/ ‘bend’ - aÒ*BaÐ /bɔŋkeiba:/ ‘to bend’, YÏÞmÐ /rhila:/ ‘loose’ - YÏÞÒmBaÐ /rhileiba:/ ‘to loosen’, ÒRÐVÐ /tʃ^hoʈa:/ ‘lamb’ - ÒRÐÒVBaÐ /tʃ^hoʈeiba:/ ‘to walk like a lamb’, hÑ[f /śi:tɔɭɔ/ ‘cold’ - hÑ[ÒfBaÐ /śi:tɔɭeiba:/ ‘to make cold’, etc.
3. Foreign denominatives from Perso-Arabic source: ScÐ /ʤɔma:/ ‘collection’ - ScÞaÐ /ʤɔmiba:/ ‘to collect, ]ÐN /da:gɔ/ ‘mark’ - ]ÐNÞaÐ /da:geiba:/ ‘to mark’, _ec /nɔrɔmɔ/ ‘soft’ - _ecÞaÐ /nɔrɔmiba:/ ‘to make something soft’, $jLÐ /p^hɔsɔka:/ ‘slippery’ - $jLÞaÐ /p^hɔsɔkiba:/ ‘to slip from hand’, a]f /bɔdɔɭɔ/ ‘exchange’ - a]fÞaÐ /bɔdɔɭiba:/ ‘to exchange’, etc.
• Sananta roots (j«[ ^Ð[Ê): `Ð /pa:/ - `Þ`Ðjç /pipa:s/, LÞ[ç /kit/ - QÞLÞjúÐ /tʃikitsa:/, etc.
• Onomatopoetic roots (dP« ^Ð[Ê): Onomatopoetic roots generally come under denominatives and may be classified as simple and reduplicated. Most of the onomatopoetic roots fall under the reduplicated type. Actually, in Sanskrit dP /ʤŋ/ is used as an affix to refer the words which are recurring or repetitive (repeated again and again).
1. Simple onomatopoetic roots: RÞVLÞaÐ /tʃ^hiʈ-kiba:r/, QcLÞaÐ /tʃɔm-kiba:/, ]cLÞaÐ /dɔm-kiba:/, ^cLÐBaÐ /d^hɔm-ka:iba:/ “This one is both causative and denominative”, cQLÞaÐ /mɔtʃ-kiba:/, etc.
2. Reduplicated onomatopoetic roots: LV-LV /kɔʈ-kɔʈ/, Tc-Tc /ʤ^hɔm-ʤ^hɔm/, Tm-cm /ʤ^hɔl-mɔl/, V_-V_ /ʈɔn-ʈɔn/, cQ-cQ /mɔtʃ-mɔtʃ/, Séfç /ʤwɔɭ/ to SгémÔ /ʤa:ʤʤwɔljɔ/, ]Ñ`ç /di:p/ to Ò]]Ñ`Ô /dedi:pjɔ/, etc.

The meanings of time, mood, and aspect are intricately interlinked in the Oriya verbal system. One way of understanding this system is to look at the inflectional suffixes taken by the verb root in a finite verbal paradigm. So, Oriya verbs are characterized by one or more of the morphosyntactic categories like voice, tense, aspect, mood, and personal endings. Inflectional categories like person, number, honorificity, and addressee exclusive-inclusiveness are involved in the agreement inflection. Broadly speaking, there are two types of verbal word forms in Oriya, viz. finite verbs and non-finite verbs. Verbal suffixes in Oriya are distinguished as finite verb suffixes and non-finite verb suffixes. Non-finite verbs never show agreement inflection, which is a must for finite verbs.

Oriya verbal system consists of finite and nonfinite verbs. Finite verbs include simple and compound verbs, each of which may be sub-classified as transitive and intransitive. Furthermore, the finite verb has 4 moods (i.e. indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and optative), 3 voices (active, middle, and passive), 4 tenses (present, past, future, conditional), 2 numbers (singular and plural), and 3 persons (first, second, and third).

On the other hand, the nonfinite verb is of invariable inflection, since it presents no distinction of number and person even and includes participles and infinitives.

Classification of Oriya Verbs
Oriya Verbs


Finite Verbs 	    Non-finite Verbs


Simple verbs	   	Compound verbs


Transitive		Intransitive		Transitive		Intransitive
Simple verbs 	Simple verbs	Compound verbs 	Compound verbs

(i) Simple and Compound Verbs (@cÞhÍ J cÞhÍ LÍÞ¯Ð)

According to their formation, Oriya verbs can be categorized into simple (@cÞhÍ) and compound (cÞhÍ).

The simple verbs may be subdivided under two heads such as simple verbs and apparently simple verbs. Purely simple verb is expressed by one word only, i.e. MÐH /k^ha:e/ eat, NÐH /ga:e/ sing, LÒe /kɔre/ do, ÒhÐBmÞ /śoili/ slept (sleep+past), Ò]aÞ /debi/ give (future), etc.

There is another type of verbal expression which appears like one word even when it is actually a combination of two words or morphemes. Such types may be named as apparently simple verbs. For example, dÐDRÞ (= dÐD + @RÞ) /ʤa:utʃ^hi (= ʤa:u + ɔtʃ^hi)/ going, MÐDRÞ (= MÐD + @RÞ) /k^ha:utʃ^hi (= k^ha:u + ɔtʃ^hi)/ eating, Ò_DRÞ (= Ò_D + @RÞ) /neutʃ^hi (= neu+ ɔtʃ^hi)/ taking, cÐeÊRÞ (=cÐeÊ + @RÞ) /ma:rutʃ^hi (= ma:ru+ ɔtʃ^hi)/ beating, LeÊRÞ (= LeÊ + @RÞ) /kɔruɔtʃ^hi (= kɔru+ ɔtʃ^hi)/ doing, etc.

The compound verb is expressed by more than one word or morpheme. In Oriya, like other Indo-Aryan languages, the formation of compound verbs is a very productive process. For example,

Simple verb (@cÞhÍ)		Compound verb (cÞhÍ)			Meaning
`XÏÞmÐ /pɔṛila:/			`[Þ[ ÒkmÐ /pɔtitɔ hela:/ 		‘fell’
bÊ&ÞÒm /bhunʤile/ 		ÒbÐS_ LÒm /bhoʤɔnɔ kɔle/	ate
ÒhÐBÒm /śoile/			h¯_ LÒm /śɔjɔnɔ kɔle/		‘slept’
Ò]MÊRÞ /dekhutʃhi/ 		]hà_ LeÊRÞ /dɔrśɔnɔ kɔrutʃhi/        ’watching’
`ÐÒQ /pa:tʃe/ 			`Lé kÊH /pɔkwɔ hue/			’ripe’

In the case of transitive verb, the compound verb is formed by the combination of verbal noun (LÍÞ¯ÐaÐQL aÞÒhiÔ) and the prefix Leç (/kɔr/ do).

In the case of intransitive verb, the compound verb is formed by the addition of adjective (which comes out of that verb) and the prefix ÒkÐ (/ho/).

Again, in the case of the simple intransitive verb, the compound verb is formed by the addition of the verbal noun and the prefix Leç.

Apart from these, there is another type of Compound verb (cÞhÍ) in Oriya. These are produced from the verb roots like `Ðeç /pa:r/ can, `XÏç /pɔṛ/ do, DWç /uʈ^h/ rise, Ò] /de/ do, `LÐ /pɔka:/ do, jÐeç /sa:r/ finish, etc. and are added with other verbs especially with the “ɔsɔma:pika:” (@jcÐ`ÞLÐ) verbs to generate a complete meaning of the sentence. For example,

`Ðeç /pa:r/ ‘can’	↝ Ò]ßÐXÏÞ `ÐeÞaÞ (can run), MÐB `ÐeÞaÞ (can eat), hÊZÞ`ÐeÊRÞ (can hear), etc.
`XÏç /pɔṛ/ ‘do’	↝ ajÞ`XÏÞmÐ (sat), etc.
DWç /uʈh/ ‘rise’	↝ SfÞDWÞmÐ (burnt), LkÞDWÞmÐ (said), cÐ[ÞDWÞmÐ (came   into force), etc.
Ò] /de/ ‘do’	↝ LeÞÒ] (do), MÐBÒ]mÐ (ate), cÐeÞÒ]mÐ (killed), eMÞ]Þ@ (keep/put), etc.
`LÐ /pɔka:/ ‘do’	↝ LkÞ`LÐBmÐ (said), MÐB`LÐBmÐ (ate), etc.
jÐeç /sa:r/ ‘finish’	↝ LeÞjÐeÞRÞ (has done), Ò]BjÐeÞRÞ (has given), etc.
NmÐ /gɔla:/ ‘went’, ‘did’↝ ceÞNmÐ (died), Ò_BNmÐ (took), `XÏÞNmÐ (fell), $ÊmÞNmÐ (swell), QÐmÞNmÐ (went), etc.

So, the compound verbs in Oriya have two verbs joined together and the second verb of these compound verbs are called the explicator verb, which functions like a simple verb. It is marked for the tense and agreement. It can also take the aspect and mood markers. However, whether two or more verbs are joined together in the compound verbs, the meaning largely comes from the first verb, but it is modified or restricted by the other verbs.

(ii) (jcÐ`ÞLÐ J @jcÐ`ÞLÐ LÍÞ¯Ð) sɔma:pika: o ɔsɔma:pika: Verbs

The verb which explains the complete meaning of the sentence when used and does not need the help of any other verb to complete the meaning of the sentence is called a ‘sɔma:pika:’

(jcÐ`ÞLÐ) verb. For example,
hÞhÊVÞ 	   ÒhÐB@RÞ Ð		QÒXÏBVÞ 	ALÐhÒe 	   DXÏÞNmÐ Ð
śiśuʈi    	     śoiɔtʃhi 			tʃɔṛeiʈi 	a:ka:śɔre	  uṛigɔla:
child + the 	     sleep + Prog.		bird + the 	into the sky 	  fly + Past
‘The child is sleeping’			‘The bird flew into the sky’

In these two sentences, ÒhÐB@RÞ and DXÏÞNmÐ are the sɔma:pika: (jcÐ`ÞLÐ) verbs.

The verb which does not explain the complete meaning of the sentence when used and makes use of another verb to express the complete meaning is called an “ɔsɔma:pika:” (@jcÐ`ÞLÐ) verb. For example,

`ÞmÐcÐÒ_	akÞ	 ^eÞ 		²ÊmLÊ 	NÒm Ð
pila:ma:ne	bɔhi	   dhɔri 		skul-ku 	gɔle
boy + pl.	book	   taking/holding 	to school 	go + Past
‘The boys went along with the books to the school’ or
‘The boys took the book to the school’

By adding /-u/ and /-i/ with the main verb, we can get the “ɔsɔma:pika:” (@jcÐ`ÞLÐ) verb in Oriya. For example,

Òj 	   `YÏÊ`YÏÊ 		ÒhÐB`XÏÞmÐ Ð  eÐc  Ò]ßÐXÏÊÒ]ßÐXÏÊ 	  TÊÃÞmÐ Ð
se 	     pɔrhupɔrhu       śoipɔṛila:	     ra:mɔ  dɔuṛu dɔuṛu       ʤhuɳʈila:
he/she     while reading    sleep + Past	     Rama  while running      bump + Past
‘He slept while reading’			‘Rama bumped while running’

`ÞmÐVÞ 	`ÐW `YÏÞ	 (`YÏÞaÐ _ÞcÞr) 	  dÐB@RÞ Ð
pila:ʈi 	pa:ʈhɔ pɔrhi (pɔrhiba: nimittɔ)  ʤa:iɔtʃhi
the boy 	read + Prog.	  (for reading) 	    has go + Pres. Perf.
‘The boy has gone for reading’

ÒmÐLVÞ   bÞL cÐNÞ 	(cÐNÞaÐ `ÐBÜ) 	AjÞ@RÞ Ð
lokɔʈi       bhikɔ ma:gi 	(ma:giba: pa:iɱ)     a:siɔtʃhi
The man    begging 	(for begging)          has come + Pres. Perf.
‘The man has come for begging’

(iii) Transitive (jLcàL) and Intransitive (@LcàL) Verbs

From the semantic point of view, the Oriya finite verbs can also be classified as transitive (jLcàL /sɔkɔrmɔkɔ/) and intransitive (@LcàL /ɔkɔrmɔkɔ/) verbs.

Finite Verbs

Intransitive Verbs		Transitive Verbs

A transitive verb takes an object to complete its meaning whereas an intransitive verb does not. So, a transitive verb is an action or linking verb that has a complement, i.e. the action is being done to something or someone. For example,

eÐc 	 bÐ[  MÐBmÐ Ð 		Òj 		  OeLÊ   dÐDR«Þ Ð
ra:mɔ	  bha:tɔ kha:ila:		se		    ghɔrɔku  ʤa:utʃhɔnti
Rama   rice    eat + Past  		he/she + hon.  to house  go + Pres. Cont.
‘Ram ate rice’			‘He/She is going to house’

On the other hand, an intransitive verb is an action verb (that is, it is neither a linking verb nor an auxiliary verb) which does not have a direct object, i.e. the action is still being done, but it is not being done to anything or anyone else. For example,

`ÞmÐVÞ 	ÒMfÊRÞ Ð 			eÐ^Ð 		_ÐQÊRÞ Ð
pila:ʈi	kheɭutʃhi			ra:dha:	na:tʃutʃhi
the boy 	play + Pres. Prog. 		Radha 	dance + Pres. Prog
‘The boy is playing’			‘Radha is dancing’

• Transitive verbs can be of two types such as mono-transitive and di-transitive. Mono-transitive verbs are the simple transitive verbs whereas the di-transitive verbs take two objects. For example,

cÐÜ 		`Ê@LÊ 	MÊADR«Þ Ð
	ma:ɱ 	 	puɔku 	khua:utʃhɔnti
mother	to son		feed + Prog.
	‘Mother is feeding the son’
	
	cÐÜ 		`Ê@LÊ 	bÐ[ 		MÊADR«Þ Ð
ma:ɱ		puɔku	bha:tɔ	khua:utʃhɔnti
mother 	to son 	rice 		feed + Prog.
	‘Mother is feeding rice to the son’

• In Oriya, some intransitive verbs take the object form of their own and become transitive verbs. These kind of objects are called cognate object (^Ð[é\àL or LÍÞ¯Ð\àL Lcà). For example, ÒMf ÒMfÞaÐ /k^heɭɔk^heɭiba:/ ‘playing a game’, kj kjÞaÐ /hɔsɔ hɔsiba:/ ‘laughing a laugh’, QÐmÞ QÐmÞaÐ /tʃa:li tʃa:liba:/ ‘walking a walk’, etc.
• From the point of view of use or application, a transitive verb can be an intransitive verb and vice versa. For example,

Òj 	  ÒMfÊRÞ Ð
se 	    kheɭutʃhi
he/she    play + Pres. Prog.
‘He/She is playing’

Òj 	  ÒcÐ  jÐ\ÞÒe  akÊ[  ÒMf   ÒMfÞmÐ Ð
se    	   mo     sa:thire    bɔhutɔ  kheɭɔ  kheɭila:
he/she   me     with         a lot      game      play + Past
‘He played a lot with me’

List of the Oriya Transitive Verbs (jLcàL LÍÞ¯Ð)

S`ÞaÐ↝ /ʤɔpiba:/ to chant
@SÞàaÐ↝ /ɔrʤiba:/ to gain
@`ÞàaÐ↝ /ɔrpiba:/ to surrender
A*ÞaÐ↝ /a:ŋkiba:/ to draw
LkÞaÐ↝ /kɔhiba:/ to say/speak
AZÞaÐ↝ /a:ɳiba:/ to bring
D`ÐXÏÞaÐ↝ /upa:ṛiba:/ to uproot
LiÞaÐ↝ /kɔṣiba:/ to fry / to find out the sum
Ò]aÐ↝ /deba:/ to give
ÒjLÞaÐ↝ /sekiba:/ to
DwÐeÞaÐ↝ /uddha:riba:/ to rescue
LÐcÊXÏÞaÐ↝ /ka:muṛiba:/ to bite
LÒcBaÐ↝ /kɔmeiba:/ to slow down / to earn
LÊqÞaÐ↝ /kuntʃiba:/ to 
LÊVÞaÐ↝ /kuʈiba:/ to pound
ÒOÐiÞaÐ↝ /ghoṣiba:/ to recite
ÒOÐVÞaÐ↝ /ghoʈiba:/ to
NÊZÞaÐ↝ /guɳiba:/ to multiply
ÒMÐfÞaÐ↝ /khoɭiba:/ to dig
ÒMÐjÞaÐ↝ /khosiba:/ to 
N`ÞaÐ↝ /gɔpiba:/ to talk/chat
LÞfÞaÐ↝ /kiɭiba:/ to close
ÒOÐeÞaÐ↝ /ghoriba:/ to
NÍÐjÞaÐ↝ /gra:siba:/ to swallow
LÐQÞaÐ↝ /ka:tʃiba:/ to wash
LШÞaÐ↝ /ka:ɳɖiba:/ to
QiÞaÐ↝ /tʃɔṣiba:/ to plough
QÐMÞaÐ↝ /tʃa:khiba:/ to taste
QÐ}ÞaÐ↝ /tʃa:ntʃhiba:/ to 
LÐVÞaÐ↝ /ka:ʈiba:/ to cut
QÐVÞaÐ↝ /tʃa:ʈiba:/ to 
QÐkÞÜaÐ↝ /tʃa:hiɱba:/ to look
QÞcÊVÞaÐ↝ /tʃimuʈiba:/ to pinch
ÒQÐaÐBaÐ↝ /tʃoba:iba:/ to chew
QÊcÞéaÐ↝ /tʃumbiba:/ to kiss
QÞeÞaÐ↝ /tʃiriba:/ to tear
RÊVÞaÐ↝ /tʃhuʈiba:/ to go
ÒR]ÞaÐ↝ /tʃhediba:/ to 
RÊBÜaÐ↝ /tʃhuiɱba:/ to touch
RÐXÏÞaÐ↝ /tʃha:ṛiba:/ to leave / to give up
kÐZÞaÐ↝ /ha:ɳiba:/ to kill / to 
aÞ}ÞaÐ↝ /bintʃhiba:/ to
LeÞaÐ↝ /kɔriba:/ to do
SÞ[ÞaÐ↝ /ʤitiba:/ to win
LÞZÞaÐ↝ /kiɳiba:/ to buy/purchase
SÐfÞaÐ↝ /ʤa:ɭiba:/ to burn
WLÞaÐ↝ /ʈhɔkiba:/ to cheat
`hÞaÐ↝ /pɔśiba:/ to enter
XÐLÞaÐ↝ /ɖa:kiba:/ to call
XeÞaÐ↝ /ɖɔriba:/ to feel fear
ÒXBÜaÐ↝ /ɖeiɱba:/ to jump
hÊZÞaÐ↝ /śuɳiba:/ to listen/hear
Ò[SÞaÐ↝ /teʤiba:/ to 
m+ÞaÐ↝ /lɔŋghiba:/ to overcome
Ò]MÞaÐ↝ /dekhiba:/ to see/watch
ÒWmÞaÐ↝ /ʈheliba:/ to push
Ò^ÐBaÐ↝ /dhoiba:/ to wash
aÐuÞaÐ↝ /ba:ndhiba:/ to tie
cÐeÞaÐ↝ /ma:riba:/ to beat/kill
cÐ_ÞaÐ↝ /ma:niba:/ to obey
cÐ`ÞaÐ↝ /ma:piba:/ to measure
eVÞaÐ↝ /rɔʈiba:/ to 
]fÞaÐ↝ /dɔɭiba:/ to 
hÞMÞaÐ↝ /śikhiba:/ to learn
jÞBÜaÐ↝ /siiɱba:/ to 
eÊQÞaÐ↝ /rutʃiba:/ to 
jkÞaÐ↝ /sɔhiba:/ to bear

List of the Oriya Intransitive Verbs (@LcàL LÍÞ¯Ð)

DXÏÞaÐ↝ /uṛiba:/ to fly
LÕ`ÞaÐ↝ /kɔmpiba:/ to 
LÐhÞaÐ↝ /ka:śiba:/ to cough
QÐmÞaÐ↝ /tʃa:liba:/ to walk
aiÞàaÐ↝ /bɔrṣiba:/ to rain
kjÞaÐ↝ /hɔsiba:/ to laugh
ÒMfÞaÐ↝ /kheɭiba:/ to play
DWÞaÐ↝ /uʈhiba:/ to rise
ceÞaÐ↝ /mɔriba:/ to die
aqÞaÐ↝ /bɔntʃiba:/ to live
aYÏÞaÐ↝ /bɔrhiba:/ to grow
kmÞaÐ↝ /hɔliba:/ to shake
`XÏÞaÐ↝ /pɔṛiba:/ to fall
TXÏÞaÐ↝ /ʤhɔṛiba:/ to
cÞhÞaÐ↝ /miśiba:/ to gather/mix
QÐmÞaÐ↝ /tʃa:liba:/ to walk
ScÞaÐ↝ /ʤɔmiba:/ to gather/
$ÐVÞaÐ↝ /pha:ʈiba:/ to blow
JkâÐBaÐ↝ /ohla:iba:/ to get down
]DXÏÞaÐ↝ /dɔuṛiba:/ to run
^ÐBÜaÐ↝ /dha:iɱba:/ to move/
ÒkaÐ↝ /heba:/ to be
OÊcÐBaÐ↝ /ghuma:iba:/ to drowse
_ÐQÞaÐ↝ /na:tʃiba:/ to dance
`ÐQÞaÐ↝ /pa:tʃiba:/ to ripe
$fÞaÐ↝ / phɔɭiba:/ to 
cÞfÞaÐ↝ /miɭiba:/ to get/meet
LÊÒxBaÐ↝ /kuntheiba:/ to 
LÐtÞaÐ↝ /ka:ndiba:/ to cry
JmVÞaÐ↝ /oɔlɔʈiba:/ to 
ÒmÐVÞaÐ↝ /loʈiba:/ to lie down
QfÞaÐ↝ /tʃɔɭiba:/ to maintain/live
MjÞaÐ↝ /khɔsiba:/ to fall
eÐNÞaÐ↝ /ra:giba:/ to angry
Ò]Ðk(ÒkÐ)mÞaÐ↝ /dohɔ(ho)liba:/ to shake/
OÊqÞaÐ↝ /ghuntʃiba:/ to move
RÞ*ÞaÐ↝ /tʃhiŋkiba:/ to sneeze
[ÞºÞaÐ↝ /tiṣʈhiba:/ to survive/maintain
]ÊmÊLÞaÐ↝ /dulukiba:/ to 
mjÞaÐ↝ /lɔsiba:/ to 
OVÞaÐ↝ /ghɔʈiba:/ to happen
QcLÞaÐ↝ /tʃɔmɔkiba:/ to astonish/surprise
S_êÞaÐ↝ /ʤɔnmiba:/ to born
RÞXÏÞaÐ↝ /tʃhiṛiba:/ to disconnect/
SfÞaÐ↝ /ʤɔɭiba:/ to burn
TXÏÞaÐ↝ /ʤhɔṛiba:/ to fall
`kqÞaÐ↝ /pɔhɔntʃiba:/ to reach
ekÞaÐ↝ /rɔhiba:/ to stay

(iv) Auxiliary or Helping Verb (jÐkÐdÔLÐeÑ LÍÞ¯Ð)

Auxiliary verbs are used together with a main verb to give grammatical information and therefore add extra meaning to a sentence, which is not given by the main verb. So, an auxiliary or helping verb is a verb whose function is to give further semantic information about the main or full verb which follows it. In Oriya too, there are some auxiliary verbs which help or qualify the meaning of the main verb/root. For example, @Rç /ɔtʃ^h/, \Ð /t^ha:/, etc. However, sometimes some of the auxiliary verbs are used simply as the ornaments/figures of speech of the root verbs. For example,

cÊÜ 	NÐB`ÐÒe Ð			eÐc 	   MÐBÒ]mÐ Ð(but Ò]mÐ/dela:/ has its
muɱ 	ga:i + pa:re			Rama	      kha:i + dela:   own meaning – gave)
I 	sing (Pres) + can		Rama	      eat (Past)
‘I can sing.’				‘Ram ate.’

In the first sentence, the power and efficiency of the speaker is being displayed, whereas in the second sentence ‘MÐBÒ]mÐ’ means ‘MÐBmÐ’. So, it may be assumed that ‘Rama ate without concerning anybody’.

A list of Oriya auxiliary verb or jÐkÐdÔLÐeÑ LÍޯРhas been given below.

@Rç /ɔtʃ^h/, \Ð /t^ha:/, dÐ /ʤa:/, Ajç /a:s/, jÐeç /sa:r/, `XÏ /pɔṛɔ/, DWç /uʈ<sup>h</sup>/, Ò] /de/, `LÐ /pɔka:/, ajç /bɔs/, Ò_ /ne/, AZç /a:ɳ/, eMç /rɔk^h/, ÒkÐ /ho/, etc.

@Rç /ɔtʃh/ ↝ Òj MÐB@RÞ Ð /se   kha:iɔtʃhi/ ‘He/She has taken (food).’
\Ð /tha:/ ↝ [Ê MÐB\Ð Ð /tu   kha:itha:/ ‘You (just) eat.’ ‘You take the food.’
dÐ /ʤa:/ ↝ `ÞmÐVÞ Ò]ßÐXÏÞdÐDRÞ Ð /pila:ʈi  dɔuṛiʤa:utʃhi/ ‘The boy is running.’
Ajç /a:s/ ↝ Òj LeÞ `ÐeÞa Ð /se kɔri pa:ribɔ/ ‘He/She can do it.’
jÐeç /sa:r/ ↝ TÞ@VÞ NÐB jÐeÞRÞ Ð /ʤhiɔʈi   ga:i   sa:ritʃhi/
‘The girl has finished singing.’
`XÏ /pɔṛɔ/ ↝ RÊAVÞ DWÞ `XÏÞmÐ Ð /tʃhua:ʈi  uʈhi pɔṛila:/ ‘The child woke up.’
DWç /uʈh/ ↝ RÊAcÐÒ_ `ÐVÞLeÞ DWÞÒm Ð /tʃhua:ma:ne  pa:ʈikɔri  uʈhile/
							‘The children started shouting.’
Ò] /de/ ↝ Òj MÐB Ò]mÐ (`LÐBmÐ) Ð /se kha:idela: pɔka:ila)/ ‘He/She ate.’
`LÐ /pɔka:/ ↝ A`Z MÐB `LÐ«Ê Ð /a:pɔɳɔ   kha:i   pɔka:ntu/
‘You take the food.’ ‘You eat.’
‘You eat the food.’ ‘You (just) take the food.’
ajç /bɔs/ ↝ cÊÜ NmÐ ÒafLÊ Òj `YÏÞajÞmÐ Ð 
/muɱ   gɔla:   beɭɔku   se   pɔrhibɔsila:/
‘He/She started reading when I went.’
Ò_ /ne/ ↝ Òj QfÐB Ò_mÐ (Ò]mÐ) Ð /se  tʃɔɭa:i   nela: (dela:)/
‘He/She managed it.’ 
AZç /a:ɳ/ ↝ c^Ê LÐcVÞ LeÞAZÞmÐ Ð /mɔdhu ka:mɔʈi kɔria:ɳila:/
							‘Madhu made it done the work.’
eMç /rɔkh/ ↝ cÊÜ [Ð*Ê LkÞ eMÞmÞ Ð /muɱ   ta:ŋku   kɔhi   rɔkhili/
						‘I said him (in advance).’
ÒkÐ /ho/ ↝ bÐ[ MÞA kÊH (dÐH) Ð /bha:tɔ   khia:  hue (ʤa:e)/ ‘Rice is eaten.’

C. The Pronoun (jaà_Ðc)

In Oriya, all the pronouns can be used with reference to the nouns of all genders. Like, nouns, the pronouns can also have the case features. Pronouns are marked for person, number, honorificity, and animacy. Broadly speaking, pronouns can be of two categories, definite (+ definite) and the indefinite (-definite), which can be further sub-categorized as.

      Pronoun


        Definite						Indefinite
i.	Personal						i.     Universal
ii.	Reflexive					         ii.     Existential
iii.	Reciprocal					        iii.     Interrogative
iv.	Correlative					        iv.     Compound
v.	Relative
vi.	Wh- pronoun
vii.	Demonstrative
viii.	Distributive
ix.	Possessive

A pronoun can be defined as a word used instead of a noun or an adjective or a noun phrase. For example,

keÞ   HWÐÒe `ÒYÏÐ 		   [ÐkÐe   akÞ     _ÐkÞÜ Ð
hɔri	 eʈha:re    pɔɖhe		      ta:ha:rɔ    bɔhi	       na:hiɱ
Hari    here        read (Pres, 3rd p)     his           book      do not have (Pres, 3rd p)
‘Hari reads here. He does not have book’.

c^Ê 	  aÊwÞcÐ_     \ÞmÐ, 	    cÐ[Í    d]Ê   [ÐkÐ   _\ÞmÐ Ð
mɔdhu    buddhima:nɔ   thila:	        ma:trɔ   ʤɔdu   ta:ha:     nɔthila:
Madhu  wise               is (Past, 3rd p)   but      Jadu   that   is not (Past, 3rd p, neg)
‘Madhu was wise, but Jadu was not that’.

jcÊ]Íe    `ÐZÞ   mÊZÞA,  	HkÐ  LÞH   _ 		SÐÒZ ?
sɔmudrɔrɔ  pa:ɳi 	 luɳia: 	eha:    kie 	 nɔ		ʤa:ɳe
Ocean’s      water    salty        	this     who    not (neg)      know
‘Ocean water is salty, who does not this?’

Articles

To indicate specification, affection, or contempt, the affixes VÞ, VÐ, M¨, M¨Þ, etc. are used with the nouns.

VÞ indicates some respect, prettiness or liveableness, etc. as –

c_ÊiÔVÞ ct _ÊÒkÜ Ð
‘The man is not bad’

VÐ is used in case of lifeless objects or to indicate contempt or disrespect, etc. as –

`ÞmÐVÞ aXÏ ]ʽ @ÒV Ð
‘The boy is very naughty’

M¨, M¨Þ are generally used for things which are flat in shape and VÞ or VÐ are used generally for smaller objects, as –

HkÞ mÊNÐM¨ LÐkÐe @ÒV?
‘Whose cloth is this?’

akÞM¨ bÐeÞ D`ÒdÐNÑ @ÒV Ð
‘The book is very useful’

D. The Adjective (aÞÒhiZ)

Adjectives in Oriya can be classified into the following types. Overall all the Oriya adjectives can be categorized into two types such as the Proper Adjective (_Ðc aÞÒhiZ) and the Abstract Adjective (bÐa aÞÒhiZ).

 Oriya Adjectives

Proper adjective             Abstract adjective
(_Ðc aÞÒhiZ)                 (bÐa aÞÒhiZ)

Nominal       Pronominal		Adjectival	Verbal 	Sentential
adjective      adjective		adjective	adjective	adjective

1. Nominal adjective: Adjective which qualifies the noun is called Nominal adjective.

	For example, 	bm `ÞmÐ			‘good boy’
			jÊteÑ aÐfÞLÐ		‘beautiful girl’

2. Adjectival adjective: Adjective which qualifies another adjective is called Adjectival adjective.

	For example,	bÐeÞ bm `ÞmÐ		‘a very good boy’

3. Verbal adjective: Adjective that modifies the verb is called Verbal adjective.

	For example, 	hÑOÍ hÑOÍ QÐm		‘go quickly’
			^ÞÒe ^ÞÒe LÊk		‘speak slowly’

These Verbal adjectives are nothing but the Adverbs.

4. Sentential Adjective: The adjective which qualifies the meaning of the sentence is called as Sentential adjective. For example,

	@ahÔ  [ÊcLÊ 	HkÐ 	LeÞaÐLÊ 	Òka Ð
	ɔbɔśjɔ     tumɔku 	eha: 	kɔriba:ku 	hebɔ
	surely     you  	it 	to do 		be + future perf.
‘Surely, you have to do it’

	_Þ¾¯ 	Òj 	   @`eÐ^Ñ Ð
	niśtʃɔjɔ 	se 	     ɔpɔra:dhi:
	definitely     he/she     the convict 	is (hidden)
	‘Definitely, he is the convict’

5. Again, there are three degrees of adjectives in Oriya such as, [e and [c are to be added with the adjective in comparative and superlative degrees respectively. For example,

		lÊ]Í 		lÊ]Í[e 		lÊ]Í[c
		small		smaller		smallest

		jÊte 	jÊte[e 		jÊte[c
beautiful	more beautiful	most beautiful

6. Adjectives in Oriya can also be pronominal as well as predicative. They can occur with the articles, case suffixes, determiners, intensifier particles. Some other adjectives are derived from the other word classes like nouns and verbs. They are referred to as denominative and deverbal adjectives respectively.

In Oriya, Pronominal adjectives are the Pronouns like Òj /se/ that, H /e/ this, Òd /ʤe/, ÒLDÜ /keuɱ/ which, etc. which explains or refers to the Noun Phrase. For example, ÒLDÜ aÐfL /keuɱ ba:ɭɔkɔ/ which boy, HkÞ akÞ /ehi bɔhi/ this book, etc.

Sometimes, morphemes like /pɔri/, /miti/, /mɔntɔ/, etc. are added with the above kinds of Pronoun to form Pronominal adjectives. For example, Òj`eÞ `ÞmÐ /epɔri pila:/ such a boy, Hc« bËBÜ /emɔntɔ b^huiɱ/ soil like this, H`eÞ ]Þ_ /epɔri dinɔ/ like this day, ÒLcÞ[Þ cSÐ /kemiti mɔʤa:/ what a fun, etc.

Adjective with article:
bm `ÞmÐÒV 				‘a good boy’
`ÞmÐVÞ bm 					‘The child is good’
`ÞmÐVÞ akÊ[ bÒmB ÒkDRÞ Ð 		‘The child is acting good’

Order of adjectives in Oriya

1. Opinion or judgment ↝ jÊte /sundɔrɔ/ beautiful, @jÊte /ɔsundɔrɔ/ ugly, jkS /sɔhɔʤɔ/ easy, hÑOÍ /śi:g^hrɔ/ fast, A¾dÔàS_L /a:śtʃrjɔʤɔnɔkɔ/ interesting, wonderful
2. Size ↝ ÒRÐV /tʃ^hoʈɔ/ small, mcéÐ /lɔmba:/ tall, ÒNXÏÐ /geṛa:/ short, aXÏ /bɔṛɔ/ big, DnÐ /utʃtʃa:/ high, _ÞQÐ /nitʃa:/ low
3. Age ↝ dÊa /ʤubɔ/ young, aów /brɨdd^hɔ/ old, _ËA /nu:a:/ new, `ÊeÊZÐ /puruɳa:/ ancient, I[ÞkÐjÞL /ɔitiha:sikɔ/ historic
4. Shape ↝ ÒNÐmÐLÐe /gola:ka:rɔ/ round, aNàѯ /bɔrig:jɔ/ square, A¯[Òl[Íѯ /a:jɔtɔkṣetri:jɔ/ rectangular
5. Color ↝ LfÐ /kɔɭa:/ black, ^fÐ /d^hɔɭa:/ white, mÐm /la:l/ red, jaÊS /sɔbuʤɔ/ green
6. Nationality ↝ Ò$Í} /p^hrentʃ/ French, HjÞ@_ /esiɔn/ Asian, @ÒceÞL_ /ɔmerikɔn/ American, SÐ`Ð_ÞS /ʤa:pa:niʤ/ Japanese
7. Material ↝ LÐWÊA /ka:ʈ^hua:/ wooden, ^Ð[ÊS /d^ha:tuʤɔ/ metallic, `âнÞL /pla:ṣʈik/ plastic, LÐQ /ka:tʃɔ/ glass, LÐNS /ka:gɔʤɔ/ paper
8. Purpose or Qualifier ↝ QD[ÞÒkD\ÞaÐ AjaÐa`[Í // foldout sofa, cÐR^eÞaÐ Ò_ßÐLÐ // fishing boat, `Í[ÞÒdÐNÞ[ÐLeÞaÐ NÐXÏÞ // racing car

Oriya Verb Morphology

Oriya verbs are inflected with respect to

• number of the subject (singular, plural)
• tense (present, past, future)
• aspect/action (perfect, imperfect, continuous)
• degree of respect (intimate, familiar, respect).

In a finite verbal paradigm, there are usually five slots for inflectional suffixes. Of these five slots, the last or the outermost slot is meant for the suffix indicating subject-verb agreement. For example, in a finite verbal paradigm like MÐD\ÐA«Ð (MÐ-D-\Ð-ø-@«-A) /k^ha:ut^ha:a:nta:/ ‘would have been eating’, which consists of the verb root MÐ- /k^ha:-/ ‘to eat’ and suffixes -D- /-u-/, -\Ð- /-t^ha:-/, -ø- /-ø-/, -@«- /-ɔnt-/, and -A-/-a:/, the last suffix, -A- /-a:/ indicates the agreement with subject.

Just before the agreement morpheme, occurs the conditional mood morpheme -@«- /-ɔnt-/, whose allomorphs are -@«- /-ɔnt-/ and -«- /-nt-/. For example, in (MÐ-D-\Ð-ø-@«-A) /k^ha:ut^ha:a:nta:/, -@«- /-ɔnt-/ is the conditional morpheme.

Immediately, the tense morpheme occurs before the agreement morpheme. In /k^ha:ut^ha:a:nta:/, -ø- indicates the tense. In Oriya, there are three types of tense morphemes, such as

1. Bmç /-il-/ and its allomorph mç /-l-/
2. J /-o-/ and
3. Baç /-ib/ and its allomorph aç /-b-/.

So, based on these three types of tense morphemes, Oriya can be said to have three tenses, such as Present (aràcÐ_), Past (@[Ñ[), and Future (baÞiÔ[). The conditional morpheme occurs only with the present tense. The following are the examples of verbs in the three tense forms:

1. Present: MÐD\ÐA«Ð /k^ha: - u - t^ha: - ø - a:nt - a:/, MÐH /k^ha:e/
2. Past: MÐD\ÞmÐ /k^ha: - u - t^h- il - a:/, MÐB\ÞmÐ /k^ha:it^hila:/
3. Future: MÐD\Þa /k^ha: - u - t^h- ib - ɔ/, MÐBa /k^ha:ibɔ/

Just before the tense marker there is a slot for auxiliary verbs like @Rç /-ɔtʃ^h-/ or its common variant /-tʃ(^h)-/, and \Ð /-t^ha:-/or its allomorph \ç /-t^h-/. The auxiliary verb that we have in /k^ha: - u - t^ha: - ø - a:nt - a:/ is /-t^ha:-/. @Rç /-ɔtʃ^h-/ can occur only with present tense, but /-t^ha:-/ can occur with the conditional mood morpheme, but @Rç /-ɔtʃ^h-/ can not. -_ÐÜk- /-na:ɱh-/ and -_-/-n-/ are the common negative variants of @Rç /-ɔtʃ^h-/. Like the English ‘be’ verbs, @Rç /-ɔtʃ^h-/ and \Ð /-t^ha:-/ can also be used as main verbs.

Agreement inflectional endings characterize finiteness in Oriya. In the finite verb construction, four kinds of inflections are attested, i.e. aspect, mood, tense, and agreement and these are added to the stem in a linear sequence (i.e. root + aspect + mood + tense +agreement).

For example,
root + aspect + mood  + tense   + agreement		
rMÐ  + D	 + \Ð	   + ø        + @« + A
kha: + u 	 + tha:      + ø	+ a:nt + a:

1. Present (aràcÐ_) Tense

Verbs are not overtly inflected for the Present tense. So, it is considered the unmarked tense in Oriya. For example,

Òj 	   dÐH Ð
se 	     ʤa:e
he/she     v root + Pres. + Agr.
‘He/she goes’

Present tense in Oriya can be classified into four classes, such as

1. aÞhÊw aÐ @jÕ`_ð aràcÐ_ (Present Continuous),

`ÞmÐVÞ ÒMfÊRÞ Ð
pila:ʈi kheɭutʃhi
the boy play + Pres. Prog.
‘The boy is playing’

2. A_ÊcÐ_ÞL aràcÐ_ (),

ÒjcÐÒ_ 	`YÊ\ÞÒa Ð
sema:ne pɔɖhuthibe
they read + aux + Prog.
‘They will be reading’

3. jc÷ÐaÔ aràcÐ_ (),

eÐc NÐD\ЫРÐ
ra:ma ga:utha:nta:
Rama sing + aux + Prog.
‘Ram may be singing’

4. _Þ[Ô`Íaór aràcÐ_ (General Truth/Presnt Tense).

jËdÔà `Ëaà ]ÞNÒe  D]¯ kÊ@«Þ Ð
su:rʤjɔ pu:rbɔ digɔre 	udɔjɔ huɔnti
the Sun  the east + in  rise + 3rd p. sg.
‘The Sun rises in the east’

2. Past (bÊ[ aÐ @[Ñ[) Tense

The Past tenses in Oriya are of eight types. They are given below.

1. @]Ô[_ @[Ñ[ ()

c^Ê bÐ[  MÐBmÐ Ð
mɔdhu  bha:tɔ  kha:ila:
Madhu  rice  eat + Past
‘Madhu ate rice’

2. aràcÐ_ jÐcÑ`Ô @[Ñ[ (Past Perfect)

keÞ NÐÜLÊ  dÐBRÞ Ð
hɔri ga:ɱku ʤa:itʃhi
Hari to village go + Pres. Perf.
‘Hari has gone to village’

3. @_]Ô[_ @[Ñ[ ()

ÒNÐ`auÊ ]eÞ]ÍcÐ_*e auÊ \ÞÒm Ð
gopɔbɔndhu dɔridrɔma:nɔŋkɔrɔ bɔndhu thile
Gopabandhu of the poor friend  is + Past
‘Gopabandhu was a friend of the poor’

4. @jÕ`_ð @[Ñ[ (Past Continuous)

N[ eÐ[ÞÒe AC LÐkÐZÑ LkÊ\ÞÒm Ð
gɔtɔ ra:tire a:i: ka:ha:ɳi: kɔhuthile
last night Grand-mother story + pl tell + Past + Prog.
‘Last night Grand-mother was telling stories’

5. `ÍÐNç @[Ñ[ (Past Perfect)

hÔÐc MÐBaÐ ANeÊ  eÐc MÐB\ÞmÐ Ð
ʃja:mɔ kha:iba: a:gɔru ra:mɔ kha:ithila:
Shyama to eat before Rama eat + Past + Perf.
‘Rama had eaten before Shyama’

6. _Þ[Ô`Íaór @[Ñ[ (Habitual Past)

cÐÜ `Í[Þ]Þ_ jLÐÒf `ËSÐ LeÊ\ÞÒm Ð
ma:ɱ prɔtidinɔ sɔka:ɭe pu:ʤa: kɔruthile			
Mother everyday morning  worship + Past + Prog.
‘Every/Everyday morning Mother was praying’

7. jc÷ÐaÔ @[Ñ[ ()

aiÐà ÒkÐB\ÞÒm bm $jm ÒkÐB\ЫРÐ
bɔrṣa: hoithile bhɔlɔ phɔsɔlɔ hoitha:nta:
rain would have good crops might have become
‘If it would have rained,
the crops might have become good’

8. A_ÊcÐ_ÞL @[Ñ[ ()

Òj `eÑlÐÒe bm LeÞ\Þa Ð
se pɔri:kṣa:re bhɔlɔ kɔrithibɔ
he/she in the examination well may do + Past +Perf.
‘He might have done well in the examination’

3. Future (baÞiÔ[) Tense

The Future tense in Oriya can be of five types.

1. aÞhÊw baÞiÔ[ (Future Tense)

Òj aÔÐLeZ `YÏÞa Ð
se bja:kɔrɳɔ pɔrhibɔ
he/she grammar read + future
‘He will read grammar’

2. `ÍÐNç baÞiÔ[ ()

eÐc LÐmÞ AjÞa,[Ð' ANeÊ d]Ê AjÞ\Þa Ð
ra:mɔ ka:li a:sibɔ, ta:’ a:gɔru ʤɔdu a:sithibɔ
Rama tomorrow come + future, 
that before Jadu come+future+Perf.
‘Rama will come tomorrow, before that Jadu will come’

3. jc÷ÐaÔ baÞiÔ[ ()

aiÐà ÒkÒm bm   kÊ@«Ð Ð
bɔrṣa: hele bhɔlɔ  huɔnta:
rain if it happen good  wiil be
‘It would be good if it rains’

4. _Þ[Ô`Íaór baÞiÔ[ ()

HZÞLÞ`Í[Þ ÒjÐcaÐe AÒc`ËSÐ LeÞaÐ Ð
eɳiki prɔti somɔba:rɔ a:me pu:ʤa: kɔriba:
now-on-wards every Monday we worship + future
‘Now-onwards we shall worship on every Monday’

5. @jÕ`_ð baÞiÔ[ ()

LÐmÞ aÐ`Ð aÞmÐ[ dÐD\ÞÒa Ð
ka:li ba:pa: bila:tɔ ʤa:uthibe
tomorrow father London go + future + Prog
‘Father will be going to LondonTomorrow’

Some Irregular Conjugations in Oriya

The following verbs show irregular conjugations in Oriya.

• @Rç /ɔtʃ^h/: This is a defective verb in Oriya, conjugated only in the present tense and this is supplemented by the conjugational forms of \Ð /t^ha:/ in the past and future.
• Leç /kɔr/: The verb Leç /kɔr/ shows peculiarities in the formation of the past tense where two alternative forms are available side by side in conjugation, such as 1st Person sg. ↝ LeÞmÞ /kɔrili/, LmÞ /kɔli/ 2nd Person sg. ↝ LeÞmÊ /kɔrilu/, LmÊ /kɔlu/ (non-honorific), LeÞm /kɔrilɔ/, Lm /kɔlɔ/ (honorific), and 3rd Person sg. ↝ LeÞmÐ /kɔrila:/, LmÐ /kɔla:/, and 1st Person pl. ↝ LeÞmÊ /kɔrilu/, LmÊ /kɔlu/ 2nd Person pl. ↝ LeÞm /kɔrilɔ/, Lm /kɔlɔ/, and 3rd Person pl. ↝ LeÞÒm /kɔrile/, LÒm /kɔle/. Same is the case for the verb ceç /mɔr/ which show the same features like Leç /kɔr/.
• dÐ /ʤa:/: This is a defective verb found in the present and future, as well as conditional and is supplemented in the past by the forms of Ncç /gɔm/.
• ÒkÐ /ho/: This shows ÒkÐ /ho/ and kÊ /hu/ in various conjugational forms. kÊ /hu/ is found in the present indefinite 1st and 3rd person sg. kÊH /hue/; 2nd p. pl. kÊ@ /huɔ/; and 3rd p. pl. kÊ@«Þ /huɔnti/; and in all the forms of conditional indefinite kÊ@«Ð /huɔnta:/, etc. The form ÒkÐ /ho/ on the other hand is found in the 2nd p. sg. kD /hɔu/ and 1st p. pl. kD /hɔu/ of the present indefinite and all the rest of the forms of Present, Past, Future, and Conditional (e.g. ÒkÐD@RÞ /houɔtʃ^hi/, ÒkÐB@RÞ /hoiɔtʃ^hi /, ÒkÐBmÞ /hoili/, ÒkÐBaÞ /hoibi/, ÒkÐB\Ð«Þ /hoit^ha:nti/, etc.). The form /ho/ is alternatively replaced by /he/ in the Modern Oriya in all the cases e.g. ÒkBRÞ /heitʃ^hi/, ÒkB@RÞ /heiɔtʃ^hi/, ÒkmÞ /heli/, ÒkaÞ /hebi/, ÒkB\Ð«Þ /heit^ha:nti/, etc. In Modern colloquial Oriya sometimes Òk /he/ is also alternatively replaced by k /hɔ/, e.g. ka /hɔbɔ/ besides Òka /hebɔ/ (= Old ÒkÐBa /hoibɔ/), so also kD /hɔu/ besides ÒkD /heu/ and ÒkÐD /hou/, etc.
• Ò_ /ne/: This shows Ò_ /ne/ and _Þ /ni/ in various conjugational forms which are comparable to the variation of ÒkÐ /ho/ and kÊ /hu/ in the similar cases, e.g. 1st and 3rd p. sg. _ÞH /nie/ and 2nd p. sg. Ò_D /neu/, etc. It also shows the alternative -_- /-nɔ-/ forms just like the -k- /-hɔ-/ forms of ÒkÐ /ho/ e.g. _DRÞ /nɔutʃ^hi/ besides Ò_DRÞ /neutʃ^hi/.

Moods

Oriya conjugational system displays four varieties of moods namely Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, and Optative.

1. Indicative mood expresses the normal verb forms and does not have any special consideration.
2. The Imperative Mood:
3. The Subjunctive Mood:
4. The Optative Mood:

Inflection in the Oriya Verb Root

The verb root Leç /kɔr/ has been described from the point of view of inflection of root with aspect, mood, tense, agreement. The list is given below.

A list common Verbs

@a[eZ LeÞaÐ	↝ ɔbɔtɔrɔɳɔ kɔriba:	↝ to descend
AZÞaÐ		↝ a:ɳiba:		↝ to bring
AjÞaÐ		↝ a:siba:		↝ to come
DWÞaÐ			↝ uʈhiba:		↝ to rise
J]Ð LeÞaÐ		↝ oda: kɔriba:	↝ to wet
JÒkâBaÐ		↝ ohleiba:		↝ to go down
LeÞaÐ			↝ kɔriba:		↝ to do
LkÞaÐ			↝ kɔhiba:		↝ to speak
LÐtÞaÐ		↝ ka:ndiba:		↝ to weep
LÐQÞaÐ		↝ ka:tʃiba:		↝ to wash
LÐVÞaÐ		↝ ka:ʈiba:		↝ to cut
LÐhÞaÐ		↝ ka:śiba:		↝ to cough
MÐBaÐ		↝ kha:iba:		↝ to eat
MÊjÞ LeÞaÐ		↝ khusi kɔriba:	↝ to please
ÒMÐSÞaÐ		↝ khʤiba:		↝ to search
ÒMÐmÞaÐ		↝ kholiba:		↝ to open
NZÞaÐ			↝ gɔɳiba:		↝ to count
NÐfÞÒ]aÐ		↝ ga:ɭideba:	↝ to scold/rebuke
NÐBaÐ		↝ ga:iba:		↝ to sing
NÊxÞaÐ			↝ gunthiba:	↝ to knit
OiÞaÐ			↝ ghɔṣiba:	↝ to rub
OÊeÐBaÐ		↝ ghura:iba:	↝ to turn
ÒOeÐBaÐ		↝ ghera:iba:	↝ to surround
ÒOÐÒXÏBaÐ		↝ ghoṛeiba:	↝ to cover
QÒfBaÐ		↝ tʃɔɭeiba:	↝ to drive
QÒYÏBaÐ		↝ tʃɔrheiba:	↝ to mount
QiÞaÐ			↝ tʃɔṣiba:	↝ to plough
QÐMÞaÐ		↝ tʃa:khiba:	↝ to taste
QÐmÞaÐ		↝ tʃa:ɭiba:	↝ to walk
QÐVÞaÐ		↝ tʃa:ʈiba:		↝ to lick
QÞLúÐe LeÞaÐ	↝ tʃitka:ra kɔriba:↝ to cry out
QËeÞaÐ			↝ tʃuriba:		↝ to grind
ÒQÐeÞ LeÞaÐ	↝ tʃori kɔriba:	↝ to steal
RÐZÞaÐ		↝ tʃha:ɳiba:	↝ to filtrate
RÐ`ÞaÐ		↝ tʃha:piba:	↝ to print
RÞ}ÐXÏÞaÐ		↝ tʃhintʃa:ɖiba:	↝ to sprinkle
RÞ*ÞaÐ			↝ tʃhiŋkiba:	↝ to sneeze
RÊBÜaÐ			↝ tʃhuiɱba:	↝ to touch
RÞXÏÐÒkaÐ		↝ tʃhiɖa:heba:	↝ to stand
SÐNÞaÐ		↝ ʤa:giba:		↝ to wake up
SÐZÞaÐ		↝ ʤa:ɳiba:	↝ to know
TÊmÞaÐ			↝ ʤhuliba:	↝ to swing
VÐLÞ ekÞaÐ		↝ ʈa:kiba:		↝ to wait
VÐ=ÞaÐ		↝ ʈa:ŋgiba:	↝ to hang/suspend
WLÞaÐ			↝ ʈhɔkiba:		↝ to cheat
VÐZÞaÐ		↝ ʈa:ɳiba:		↝ to pull
ÒWmÞaÐ		↝ ʈheliba:		↝ to push
XÏÐLÞaÐ		↝ ṛa:kiba:		↝ to call
ÒXÏBÜaÐ		↝ ṛeiɱba:		↝ to jump
YÏÐfÞaÐ		↝ rha:ɭiba:	↝ to pour
[XÏÞaÐ			↝ tɔṛiba:		↝ to drive out
Ò]aÐ			↝ deba:		↝ to give
Ò]MÞaÐ		↝ dekhiba:		↝ to see
Ò]ßÐXÏÞaÐ		↝ dɔuṛiba:	↝ to run
^eÞaÐ			↝ dhɔriba:		↝ to catch
Ò^ÐBaÐ		↝ dhoiba:		↝ to wash
_ÐQÞaÐ		↝ na:tʃiba:		↝ to dance
Ò_aÐ			↝ neba:		↝ to take
`YÏÞaÐ			↝ pɔrhiba:		↝ to read
`fÐBaÐ		↝ pɔɭa:iba:	↝ to flee
`QÐeÞaÐ		↝ pɔtʃa:riba:	↝ to ask
`ÐBaÐ		↝ pa:iba:		↝ to get/obtain
`eÞ[ÔÐN LeÞaÐ	↝ pɔritja:gɔ kɔriba:↝ to abandon
`Ðf_ LeÞaÐ	↝ pa:ɭ ɔnɔkɔriba:↝ to maintain/observe
`ÞuÞaÐ			↝ pindhiba:	↝ to wear/put on
`ÞVÞaÐ			↝ piʈiba:		↝ to beat
`ËÀà LeÞaÐ		↝ pu:rɳɔkɔriba:	↝ to fill
Ò`ÐiÞaÐ		↝ poṣiba:		↝ to tame
`ÍkÐe LeÞaÐ	↝ prɔha:rɔkɔriba:↝ to hit/beat
Ò$eÐBaÐ		↝ phera:iba:	↝ to return
Ò$Ð`ÐXÏÞaÐ		↝ phopa:ṛiba:	↝ to throw
at LeÞaÐ		↝ bɔndɔkɔriba:	↝ to stop/close
ajÞaÐ			↝ bɔsiba:		↝ to sit
aÐj LeÞaÐ		↝ ba:sɔkɔriba:	↝ to live
ak_ LeÞaÐ	↝ bɔhɔnɔkɔriba:↝ to carry
akÞaÐ			↝ bɔhiba:		↝ to blow/flow
aÒ*BaÐ		↝ bɔŋkeiba:	↝ to bend
aÐVÞaÐ		↝ ba:ʈiba:		↝ to grind
aÐÃÞaÐ		↝ ba:ɳʈiba:	↝ to distribute
aÐuÞaÐ		↝ ba:ndhiba:	↝ to find
aÊTÞaÐ			↝ buʤhiba:	↝ to understand
aÊXÏÞaÐ			↝ buṛiba:		↝ to dive/drown
bÐaÞaÐ		↝ bha:biba:	↝ to think
bÐ=ÞaÐ		↝ bha:ŋgiba:	↝ to break
bÐjÞaÐ		↝ bha:siba:	↝ to float
bÊmÞdÞaÐ		↝ bhuliʤiba:	↝ to forget
ceÞaÐ			↝ mɔriba:		↝ to die
cÐSÞaÐ		↝ ma:ʤiba:	↝ to polish
cÐ_ÞaÐ		↝ ma:niba:		↝ to obey
cÐ`ÞaÐ		↝ ma:piba:		↝ to measure
dÞaÐ			↝ ʤiba:		↝ to go
eMÞaÐ			↝ rɔkhiba:		↝ to keep
eÐNÞaÐ		↝ ra:giba:		↝ to rage
eÐuÞaÐ		↝ ra:ndhiba:	↝ to cook
ekÞaÐ			↝ rɔhiba:		↝ to stay
ÒeÐ`Z LeÞaÐ	↝ ropɔɳɔ kɔriba:	↝ to plant
mÊQÐBaÐ		↝ lutʃa:iba:	↝ to hide
ÒmMÞaÐ		↝ lekhiba:		↝ to write
ÒhÐBaÐ		↝ śoiba:		↝ to sleep/lie down
_Þ]ÍÐdÞaÐ		↝ nidra:ʤiba:	↝ to sleep
jkÔ LeÞaÐ		↝ sɔhjɔ kɔriba:	↝ to tolerate
jkÞaÐ			↝ sɔhiba:		↝ to tolerate
jÕNÍk LeÞaÐ	↝ sɔɱgrɔhɔ kɔriba:↝ to collect/accumulate
keZ LeÞaÐ	↝ hɔrɔɳɔ kɔriba: ↝ to steal
k[ÔÐ LeÞaÐ		↝ hɔtja: kɔriba:	↝ to kill/murder
kjÞaÐ			↝ hɔsiba:		↝ to laugh
kÒmBaÐ		↝ hɔleiba:		↝ to shake/move
ÒkaÐ			↝ heba:		↝ to be

Derivational Morphology

(A) NOUN

1. Vowel Suffixes -A /-a:/, -BA /-ia:/ profession, origin, diminutive

ÒaWÞ /beʈhi/ ‘forced labour’	ÒaWÞA /beʈhia:/ ‘forced labourer’
OÐV /gha:ʈɔ/ ‘bathing place’	OÐVÞA /gha:ʈia:/ or OÐVÊA /gha:ʈua:/ ‘ferryman’
kf /hɔɭɔ/ ‘plough’		kfÞA /hɔɭia:/, kfÊA /hɔɭua:/ ‘cultivator’

bÊaÒ_hée /bhubɔneśwɔrɔ/ ‘Bhubaneswar’	 bÊaÒ_héeÞA /bhubɔneśwɔria:/ 
‘person from Bhubaneswar’
LVL /kɔʈɔkɔ/ ‘Cuttack’		LVLÞA /kɔʈɔkia:/ ‘person from Cuttack’
jke /sɔhɔrɔ/ ‘town’		jkeÞA /sɔhɔria:/ ‘townsman’

aÞ`Êf /bipuɭɔ/ ‘a name’		aÞ`ÊfÐ /bipuɭa:/ ‘diminutive of Bipul’
QÐf /tʃa:ɭɔ/ ‘thatch’		QÐfÞA /tʃa:ɭia:/ ‘small thatch’
MV /khɔʈɔ/ ‘bed’		MVÞA /khɔʈia:/ ‘small bedstead’
\ÐfÞ /tha:ɭi/ ‘plate’		\ÐfÞA /tha:ɭia:/ ‘small plate’

2. Vowel Suffixes -B /-i/ origin, profession, activity, diminutive

a_Ðej /bɔna:rɔsɔ/ ‘Benaras’	a_ÐejÑ /bɔna:rɔsi:/ ‘person from Benaras’
LVL /kɔʈɔkɔ/ ‘Cuttack’		LVLÞ /kɔʈɔki/ ‘person from Cuttack’

Ò]ÐLÐ_ /doka:nɔ/ ‘shop’	Ò]ÐLÐ_Ñ /doka:ni:/ ‘shopkeeper’
Ò[m /telɔ/ ‘oil’			Ò[mÑ /teli:/ ‘oilman’
QÐLe /tʃa:kɔrɔ/ ‘servant’	QÐLÞeÑ /tʃa:kiri:/ ‘service’
XÏЦe /ṛa:ktɔrɔ/ ‘doctor’	XÏЦeÑ /ṛa:ktɔri:/ ‘study of medicine’

OÃÐ /ghɔɳʈa:/ ‘bell’		OÃÑ /ghɔɳʈi:/ ‘small bell’
OÐV /gha:ʈɔ/ ‘pitcher’		OÐVÑ /gha:ʈi:/ ‘small pitcher’
LÐW /ka:ʈhɔ/ ‘wood’		LÐWÞ /ka:ʈhi/ ‘small piece of wood’

3. Vowel suffixes -DA /-ua:/ person, profession

aÐV /ba:ʈɔ/ ‘way’		aÐVÊA /ba:ʈua:/ ‘traveller’
kÐV /ha:ʈɔ/ ‘market’		kÐVÊA /ha:ʈua:/ ‘market trader’
cÞR /mitʃhɔ/ ‘lie’			cÞRÊA /mitʃhua:/ ‘liar’
`ÐW /pa:ʈhɔ/ ‘lesson’		`ÐWÊA /pa:ʈhua:/ ‘learned person’

4. Suffixes with liquids -Af /-a:ɭɔ/, -DAf /-ua:ɭɔ/ profession

NÐC /ga:i:/ ‘cow’			NÐCAf /ga:i:a:ɭɔ/ ‘cowherd’
ckÞÜiÞ /mɔhiɱṣi/ ‘buffalo’	ckÞÜiÞAf /mɔhiɱṣia:ɭɔ/ ‘tender of buffaloes’
c= /mɔŋgɔ/ ‘helm of a boat’	c=ÊAf /mɔŋgua:ɭɔ/’helmsman’
`ÐBVÞ /pa:iʈi/ ‘daily work’	`ÐBVÞAf /pa:iʈia:ɭɔ/ ‘day-labourer’

5. Suffixes with liquids -AeÑ /-a:ri:/, -DeÑ (A) /-uri:(a:)/, -eÐ /-ra:/ profession

bÞL /bhikɔ/ ‘alms’			bÞLÐeÑ/bhika:ri:/ ‘beggar’
LÕjÐ /kɔnsa:/ ‘bell metal’	LÕjÐeÑ /kɔnsa:ri:/ ‘dealer in bell-metal’
`ËSÐ /pUʤa:/ ‘worship’	     `ËSÐeÑ /pUʤa:ri:/ ‘Brahmin worshipping a deity’
h<Ð /śɔŋkha:/ ‘bracelet’		h<ÐeÑ /śɔŋkha:ri:/ ‘maker of bracelets’
jÊ_Ð /suna:/ ‘gold’			jÊ_ÐeÑ /suna:ri:/ ‘goldsmith’

LÐW /ka:ʈhɔ/ ‘wood’		LÐWÊeÞA /ka:ʈhuria:/ ‘wood-cutter’
_ÐA /na:a:/ ‘boat’			_ÐDeÑ /na:uri:/ ‘boatman’

LÐQ /ka:tʃɔ/ ‘bangle’		LÐQeÐ /ka:tʃɔra:/ ‘dealer in bangles’
`ÐV /pa:ʈɔ/ ‘silk cloth’		`ÐVeÐ /pa:ʈɔra:/ ‘dealer in cloth’

6. Other Suffixes -AcÑ /-a:mi:/ abstract nouns

QNm /tʃɔgɔlɔ/ ‘fickle’		QNmÐcÑ /tʃɔgɔla:mi:/ ‘fickleness’
]ʽ /duṣʈɔ/ ‘wicked’		]ʽÐcÑ /duṣʈa:mi:/ ‘wickedness’
cÊMà /murkhɔ/ ‘fool’		cÊMàÐcÑ /murkha:mi:/ ‘foolishness’
`ÐNf /pa:gɔɭɔ/ ‘lunatic’	`ÐNfÐcÑ /pa:gɔɭa:mi:/ ‘lunacy’

7. Other Suffixes -aÐmÐ /-ba:la:/ profession, owner

NÐÜ /ga:ɱ/ ‘village’			NÐÜaÐmÐ /ga:ɱba:la:/ ‘villager’
NÐXÏÞ /ga:ṛi/ ‘vehicle’		NÐXÏÞaÐmÐ /ga:ṛiba:la:/ ‘driver of a car’
Oe /ghɔrɔ/ ‘house’		OeaÐmÐ /ghɔrɔba:la:/ ‘master of the house’
XÏÐL /ṛa:kɔ/ ‘post’			XÏÐLaÐmÐ /ṛa:kɔba:la:/ ‘postman’
`ÊmÞj /pulisɔ/ ‘police’		`ÊmÞjaÐmÐ /pulisɔba:la:/ ‘policeman’

8. Other Suffixes -]Ðe /-da:rɔ/ activity, profession (borrowed from Persian /-da:r/ holder

ÒQßÐLÞ /tʃɔuki/ ‘chair’		ÒQßÐLÞ]Ðe /tʃɔukida:rɔ/ ‘chairman’
ScÞ /ʤɔmi/ ‘land’		ScÞ]Ðe /ʤɔmida:rɔ/ ‘landlord’
@Õh /ɔnśɔ/ ‘part’			@ÕhÞ]Ðe /ɔnśida:rɔ/ ‘partner’
WÞLÐ /ʈhika:/ ‘contract’		WÞLÐ]Ðe /ʈhika:da:rɔ/ ‘contractor’

9. Other Suffixes -MÐ_Ð /-k^ha:na:/ place (borrowed from Persian /xn:nah/ place)

10. ÒaßWL /bɔiʈhɔkɔ/ ‘meeting’ 	ÒaßWLMÐ_Ð/bɔiʈhɔkɔkha:na:/‘drawing room’
    RÐ`Ð /tʃha:pa:/ ‘print’		RÐ`ÐMÐ_Ð /tʃha:pa:kha:na:/ ‘printing press’
    XÏЦe /ṛa:ktɔrɔ/ ‘doctor’		XÏЦeMÐ_Ð /ṛa:ktɔrɔkha:na:/ ‘hospital’
    LÐdàÔ /ka:rjɔ/ ‘action/work’	LÐeMÐ_Ð /ka:rɔrkha:na:/ ‘factory’
    `ÐNf /pa:gɔɭɔ/ ‘lunatic’	`ÐNfMÐ_Ð /pa:gɔɭɔkha:na:/ ‘asylum’
    

11. -`Z /-pɔɳɔ/

aÑe /bi:rɔ/ ‘brave man’		aÑe`Z /bi:rɔpɔɳɔ/ ‘braveness’
aX /bɔɖɔ/ ‘big/great’		aX`Z /bɔɖɔpɔɳɔ/ ‘bigness/greatness’
jÞAZÐ /sia:ɳa:/ ‘clever’		jÞAZÐ`Z /sia:ɳa:pɔɳɔ/ ‘cleverness’

12. -[Ð /-ta:/

SX /ʤɔɖɔ/ ‘stupid’		SX[Ð /ʤɔɖɔta:/ ‘stupidity’
c^Êe /mɔdhurɔ/ ‘sweet’		c^Êe[Ð /mɔdhurɔta:/ ‘sweetness’
jéÐ^Ñ_ /swa:dhi:nɔ/ ‘independent’	jéÐ^Ñ_[Ð/swa:dhi:nɔta:/‘independence’
Dn /utʃtʃɔ/ ‘high’		Dn[Ð /utʃtʃɔta:/ ‘height’
D]Ðe /uda:rɔ/ ‘honest’		D]Ðe[Ð /uda:rɔta:/ ‘honesty’

13. -[é /-twɔ/

]Ëe /dUrɔ/ ‘distant’		]Ëe[é /dUrɔtwɔ/ ‘distance’
c^Êe /mɔdhurɔ/ ‘sweet’		c^Êe[é /mɔdhurɔtwɔ/ ‘sweetness’
ÒaßÐw /bɔuddhɔ/ ‘Buddha’	ÒaßÐw[é /bɔuddhɔtwɔ/ ‘Buddishm’

(B) VERB

ÒmMç /lekh/ ‘to write’ 		ÒmMÐ /lekha:/ ‘the act of writing’
ÒmMÞaÐ /lekhiba:/ ‘the act of writing’
Ò[Ðfç /toɭ/ ‘to build’ 		Ò[ÐfÐ /toɭa:/ ‘the act of buidling’
Ò[ÐfÞaÐ /toɭiba:/ ‘the act of building’

1. Vowel Suffixes -B /-i/, -HB /-ei/

QÐmç /tʃa:l/ ‘walk’			QÐmÞ /tʃa:li/ ‘walking’
NÐ^ç /ga:dh/ ‘bath’			NÐÒ^B /ga:dhei/ ‘bathing’
mYÏç /lɔrh/ ‘fight’			mÒYÏB / lɔrhei/ ‘fighting’
eXÏç /rɔṛ/ ‘lament loudly’	eXÏÞ /rɔṛi/ ‘roaring sound’
jÞTç /siʤh/ ‘boil’			jÞÒTB /siʤhei/ ‘boiling’

2. Vowel Suffixes -@ /-ɔ/

bÞXÏç /bhiṛ/ ‘to pull’		bÞXÏÞ / bhiṛi/ ‘crowd’
ÒaÐmç /bol/ ‘to speak’		ÒaÐm /bolɔ/ ‘word’
XÏÐLç /ṛa:k/ ‘to call’		XÏÐL /ṛa:kɔ/ ‘calling’
kÐZç /ha:ɳ/ ‘to cut’		kÐZ /ha:ɳɔ/ ‘cut’
kjç /hɔs/ ‘to laugh’		kj /hɔsɔ/ ‘laughter’
ÒMfç /kheɭ/ ‘to play’		ÒMf /kheɭɔ/ ‘play’
M¨ç /khɔɳṛ/’tocut’			M¨ /khɔɳṛɔ/ ‘slice’
cÐeç /ma:r/ ‘to crush’		cÐXÏ /ma:ṛɔ/ ‘thrashing’
ÒcÐXÏç /moṛ/ ‘to twist’		ÒcÐXÏ /moṛɔ/ ‘turning’
Ò$XÏç /pheṛ/ ‘to subtract’		Ò$XÏ /pheṛɔ/ ‘subtract’
Ò$eç /pher/ ‘to return’		Ò$e /pherɔ/ ‘comingback’
eNXÏç /rɔgɔṛ/ ‘to grind’		eNXÏ /rɔgɔṛɔ/ ‘grind’
WLç /ʈhɔk/ ‘to cheat’		WL /ʈhɔkɔ/ ‘cheat’

3. Suffixes with the retroflex -@Z /ɔɳɔ/

-AZÑ /-a:ɳi:/
bjç /bhs/ ‘to float’		bjÐZÑ /bhsa:ɳi:/ ‘floating’
QÐk /tʃa:h/ ‘to look’		QÐkÐZÑ /tʃa:ha:ɳi:/ ‘look’
hÊZç /śuɳ/ ‘to hear’			hÊZÐZÑ /śuɳa:ɳi:/ ‘hearing of a case’
DWç /uʈh/ ‘to rise’			DWÐZÑ /uʈha:ɳi:/ ‘ascending’

-AZ /-a:ɳɔ/
atç /bɔnd/ ‘to worship’		atÐZ /bɔnda:ɳɔ/ ‘prayer’
XÏeç /ṛɔr/ ‘to fear’			XÏeÐZ /ṛɔra:ɳɔ/ ‘threatening’
cÞhç /miś/ ‘to be mixed with’	cÞhÐZ /miśa:ɳɔ/ ‘addition’
Ò$XÏç  /pheṛ/ ‘to subtract’		Ò$XÏÐZ /pheṛa:ɳɔ/ ‘subtraction’

-HZÑ /-eɳi:/
bÐfç /bha:ɭ/ ‘to think’		bÐÒfZÑ /bha:ɭeɳi:/ ‘anxiety’
SÐfç /ʤa:ɭ/ ‘to burn’		SÐÒfZÑ /ʤa:ɭeɳi:/ ‘fuel’

-@ZÐ /-ɔɳa:/
aÐVç /ba:ʈ/ ‘to grind’		aÐVZÐ /ba:ʈɔɳa:/ ‘grinder’
aÞ}ç /bintʃh/ ‘to fan’		aÞ}ZÐ /bintʃhɔɳa:/ ‘fan’
ÒaÐmç /bol/ ‘to speak’		ÒaÐmZÐ /bolɔɳa:/ ‘rebuke’
LÐtç /ka:nd/ ‘to weep’		LÐtZÐ /ka:ndɔɳa:/ ‘weeping’
ÒMfç /kheɭ/ ‘to play’		ÒMfZÐ /kheɭɔɳa:/ ‘toy’

-@ZÑ /-ɔɳi:/
Rtç  /tʃhɔnd/ ‘to tie’		RtZÑ /tʃhɔndɔɳi:/ ‘rope to tie cows’
MVç /khɔʈ/ ‘to labour’		MVZÑ /ɔɳi:/ ‘daily service’
ÒmÐVç /loʈ/ ‘to roll’		ÒmÐVZÑ /loʈɔɳi:/ ‘turning somersaults’

-@Z /-ɔɳɔ/
NYÏç /gɔṛ/ ‘to make’		NYÏZ /gɔṛɔɳɔ/ ‘shape’
TÊmç /ʤhul/ ‘to swing’		TÊmZ /ʤhulɔɳɔ/ ‘swinging festival’
M¨ç /khɔɳɖ/ ‘to cut’		M¨Z /khɔɳɖɔɳɔ/ ‘cutting’
cÐNç /ma:g/ ‘to ask’		cÐNZ /ma:gɔɳɔ/ ‘begging’
Ò$XÏç /pheṛ/ ‘to subtract’		Ò$XÏÐZ /pheṛa:ɳɔ/ ‘subtraction’

-DZÑ /-uɳi:/
YÏÐ*ç /rha:ŋk/ ‘to cover’		YÏÐ*ÊZÑ /rha:ŋkuɳi:/ ‘a cover’
cÐNç /ma:g/ ‘to ask’		cÐNÊZÑ /ma:guɳi:/ ‘a request’
cÐ`ç /ma:p/ ‘to measure’		cÐ`ÊZÑ /ma:puɳi:/ ‘measurer’

4. Suffixes with liquids

-AfÑ /-a:ɭi:/, -DAf /-ua:ɭɔ/ profession
aÞLç /bik/ ‘to sell’			aÞLÐfÑ /bika:ɭi:/ ‘Vendor’
ÒMfç /kheɭ/ ‘to play’		ÒMfÐfÑ /kheɭa:ɭi:/, ÒMfÊAf /kheɭua:ɭɔ/
‘player’
`kÜeç  /pɔhɔɱr/ ‘to swim’	`kÜeÐfÑ /pɔhɔɱra:ɭi:/ ‘swimmer’

SNç /ʤɔg/ ‘to watch’		SNÊAf /ʤɔgua:ɭɔ/ ‘watchman’
eMç /rɔkh/ ‘to protect’		eMÊAf /rɔkhua:ɭɔ/ ‘guard’

-@eÐ /-ɔra:/
QÞkðç /tʃinh/ ‘to recognize’	 QÞkðeÐ /tʃinhɔra:/ ‘one who can distinguish a 
good thing from bad’
XÏÐLç /ṛa:k/ ‘to call’		 XÏÐLeÐ /ṛa:kɔra:/ ‘call’

Different meanings of some of the Oriya verbs (LÍÞ¯Ðe aÞÒhi aÞÒhi @\à)

Oriya verbs can have different meanings in accordance with their use in the language. So, almost all the Oriya verb can be used differently with different meanings. The list of such kind of verbs is given below.

• Ò] ↝ (give)
• Òj ]éÐe Ò]mÐ (at LmÐ) Ð↝ ‘She/He closed the door’.
• Òj aÐXÏ Ò]mÐ (aÐXÏ ]éÐeÐ at LmÐ) Ð↝ ‘She/He closed the door with fencing’.
• Òj LÐx Ò]mÐ ([ÞAeÞ LmÐ) Ð↝ ‘She/He built a wall’.
• ÒSmç Ò]mÐ (ÒSmç LÊ `WÐBmÐ, ÒSmç]¨ Ò]mÐ) Ð↝ ‘She/He ordered/sent him/her jail’.
• AMÞ Ò]aÐ (d[ð LeÞaÐ) ↝ ‘to take care of somebody/something’
• NR ÒQe Ò]mÐZÞ (ÒQe]éÐeÐ ej ÒhÐiÞmÐZÞ) Ð↝ ‘The tree has started sucking fluid through the root’ eÐZ Ò]mÐ (h`\ LeÐBmÐ) Ð↝ ‘to make somebody take an oath’

• `XÏç ↝ (fall)
• LfÞ mÐNÞ [Ðe ÒcÐe `XÏÞNmÐ (L\ÐaÐràÐ aÔakÐe]Þ at ÒkmÐ) Ð↝ ‘We stopped talking to each other after the quarrel’.
• Òj jÐBLmçeÊ `XÏÞNmÐ (jÐBLmçeÊ MjÞ `XÏÞmÐ) Ð↝ ‘He fell down from the cycle.’
• AMÞ `XÏÞaÐ (ÒmÐbdʦ ÒkÐB LÐkÐ]éÐeÐ Ò]MÐdÞaÐ) ↝
• cÒ_ `XÏÞaÐ↝ ‘to remember’
• MeÐ `XÏÞaÐ↝ ‘sun ray’
• $ÞLÐ `XÏÞaÐ↝ ‘to be lightened’
• LÐ_Òe `XÏÞmÐ (_ÞS aÞi¯Òe MeÐ` L\Ð hÊZÞaÐ) Ð↝ ‘to hear something (derogatory remarks) against him/herself’
• aÐVÒe _C `XÏÞmÐ Ð↝ ‘A river was there on the way.’
• [Ð _ÐÜ `XÏÞmÐ (]Ê_àÐc ÒkmÐ) Ð↝ ‘He was defamed.’
• SÞ_Þi bm `XÏÞmÐ Ð↝ ‘The quality of the matter was good.’

• `LÐ ↝ ‘(to make sth/sb fall)’
• _ÐÜ `LÐ_Ð Ð↝ ‘to disrepute’
• V*ÐÒV `ÒLB Ò] Ð↝ ‘Put a coin.’
• YÐf `ÒLB NeÐ LmÐ Ð↝
• cÞÒhB `LÐ Ð↝ ‘Mix it.’

• Ajç ↝ ‘come’
• ÒcÐÒ[ `ÐW AjÊRÞ(`BWÊRÞ) Ð↝ ‘I can follow the lesson.’
• Se AjÞmÐ (ÒkmÐ) Ð↝ ‘to suffer from fever’

• Ò]Mç ↝ ‘see’
• [Ò[ Ò]MÞ Ò]aÞ (^cÒLBa @\àÒe) ↝ ‘I will see you’. (I’ll take revenge.)
• L_ÔÐ `Ð[Í Ò]MÞaÐ↝ ‘to see bride-groom’
• _ÐXÏÞ Ò]MÞaÐ (XÏЦe dÐkÐ LÒe) ↝ ‘To examine’ (for disease)
• kÐ[, SÐ[L, ÒLÐºÑ Ò]MÞaÐ (ÒSÔÐ[Þi dÐkÐ LÒe) ↝ ‘jatak, horoscope’ (what an astrologer does)

• ^eç ↝ ‘catch/hold’
• ÒcO ^eÞRÞ (ÒOÐVÐBRÞ) ↝
• kÐ[ ^eÞaÐ (aÐkÐ ÒkaÐ) ↝ ‘to marry’
• Ki^ ^eÞRÞ (LÐVÊ LeÞRÞ) ↝ ‘The medicine has worked.’
• aÐV ^eÞ_ÐkÞÜ (aÐVÒe `XÏÞ_ÐkÞÜ, WÞLç @ayÐLÊ AjÞ _ÐkÞÜ) ↝ ‘She/He has not come to the real/natural condition/situation’.
• c_ Oe ^eÞmÐZÞ (sÐ_ `hÞmÐZÞ) ↝ ‘She/He has learnt from his/her mistake.’ _ÐÜ ^eÞaÐ↝ ‘to call by name’
• MÊe bm ^eÊRÞ (LÐVÊRÞ) ↝ ‘It’s working/functioning well’.
• Chée* _Ðc ^eÊRÞ (_Þ¯c LeÊRÞ) ↝ ‘I promise. I am taking oath by the name of God’,
• Òj ÒcÐ ScÞ ^eÞRÞ (bÐNÒe QÐi LeÞRÞ) Ð↝ ‘She/He is ploughing in my land.’
• L\ÐVÐ ^eÞ `ÐeÊ _ÐkÞÜ (aÊTÞaÐLÊ Aec÷ LeÞ `ÐeÊ _ÐkÞÜ) Ð↝ ‘She/He is not being able to understand.’
aÞk_ ^eÊRÞ Ð↝
• SÐf ^eÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘It’s burning.’

• Ò_ ↝ ‘take’
• Òj VÞLÐ Ò_BRÞ (ÒO_ÞRÞ) Ð↝
• jc¯ Ò_mÐ (LVÐBmÐ) Ð↝ ‘She/He took/spent time’.
• @_Ôe c_ Ò_B LÐc LÒm Òka (@_Ôe Lcà `Í[Þ jkÐ_ÊbÊ[Þ, eMÞ, Òjðk `ÍÑ[Þ _keÐB) Ð↝ ‘to work in accordance with somebody’s mind’

• cÐeç ↝ ‘beat/kill’
• Ò`V cÐeÊRÞ (aÔ\Ð ÒkDRÞ) ↝ ‘feeling stomach ache’
• kÐB, kÐLÊVÞ cÐeÊRÞ↝ ‘to yawn’
• aÞSÊfÞ, OXÏOXÏÞ cÐeÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘It’s lightening, thundering’.
• ]ÞAjÞmÞ cÐeç (mNÐ) Ð↝
• c_ cÐeÞ Ò]mÐ (aÞcià ÒkmÐ) Ð↝ ‘She/He became unhappy.’
• ÒNÐXÏ cÐeÞ Ò]mÐ Ð↝
• OÞ@ cÐBmÐ (mkÊZÞ aÐ _XÏÞALÊ OÞ@ LmÐ) Ð↝ ‘She/He prepared ghee from butter or coconut.’
• `ÐeÐ cÐBmÐ (bjê LmÐ) Ð↝ ‘She/He burnt.’
• AMÞcÞVÞLÐ cÐBmÐ (NÊ© B=Þ[, `ÍarÐàBmÐ) Ð↝
• NÊcç cÐeÞ ajÞRÞ Ð↝ ‘She/He has kept quite’.
• kÐ[ cÐeÞ Ò]mÐ (ÒQÐeÞ LeÞÒ_mÐ) Ð↝ ‘She/He stole it.’

• Leç ↝ ‘do’
• `Ê@ LeÞaÐ (Ò`ÐiÔ `Ê[Í Ò_aÐ) ↝ ‘to receive somebody as a legal son’
• AMÞ LeÞaÐ (CiÐàÒe Ò]MÞaÐ) ↝ ‘to see jealousy’
• _Ðc LmÐZÞ (`ÍjÞwÞ mbÞmÐZÞ) ↝ ‘to become famous’
• AhÐ LeÞaÐ↝ ‘to hope’
• Oe LeÞaÐ (jÕjÐe QfÐB ekÞaÐ) ↝ ‘to get married’

• Ajç ↝ ‘come’

• Ajç ↝ ‘sit’
• OÞ@, ]kÞ, ]Ê^, MÞeÞ, XÐmÞ ajÞNmÐ (O_ ÒkmÐ) Ð↝
• cÐVÞ ajÞ NmÐ (]aÞ NmÐ) Ð↝
• NfÐ ajÞ NmÐ Ð↝
• [Ðe kÐ[ ajÞNmÐ Ð↝
• SÐm ajÞRÞ Ð↝
• ]Ñ` ajÞRÞ (SfÊRÞ) Ð↝ ‘The lamp is burning’
• kÐV ajÞRÞ Ð↝ ‘The market is going on’
• ]Þ@ Ü ajÞ _ÐkÐ«Þ (`Í\c jðÐ_ `ËSÐ]Þ ÒkÐB _ÐkÞÜ) Ð↝
• mÐM WÞLç ajÞmÐ (aÐSÞmÐ) Ð↝ ‘It hit the point or centre’
• bÐ[ ajÞ_ÐkÞÜ (euÐ ÒkaÐLÊ Aec÷ ÒkÐB _ÐkÞÜ) Ð↝ ‘The rice has not been cooked’

• ]aç ↝ ‘to be pressed’
• cÐR ]aÞ NmÐ (Ò`ÐQÞA ÒkmÐ) Ð↝
• c_, eÐN ]aÞ NmÐ (EZÐ ÒkÐBNmÐ) Ð↝
• Oe ]aÞ NmÐ, Òj aÞ ]aÞ NmÐZÞ ([Ðe AN`eÞ AD af _ÐkÞÜ) Ð↝

• ek ↝ (stay)
• kÐ[, ÒNÐXÏ ekÞ NmÐZÞ (`XÏÞ NmÐZÞ) Ð↝ ‘The hands, legs are not moving’
• _ÐÜ ekÞmÐ (dh ÒkmÐ) Ð↝ ‘He/She got recognition’
• $f ekÞ NmÐZÞ (at ÒkÐB NmÐZÞ) Ð↝’The result was not declared’
• cÊkÜ ekÞa _ÐkÞÜ (@`cÐ_Þ[ Òka) Ð↝ ‘She/He will be humiliated’
• ÒcÐ L\Ð ekÞmÐ (ÒcÐ L\Ð @_ÊjÐÒe LÐc ÒkmÐ) Ð↝ ‘The work was done according to my words’
• L\Ð ekÞa (dh \Þa) Ð↝ ‘The name/fame/words/deeds will be there’

• eMç ↝ ‘keep’
• L\Ð eM Ð↝ ‘Keep your promise’
• cÐ_ eM Ð↝ ‘Don’t loose prestige, maintain your status’
• ]cç eMÞ LÐc Le Ð↝
• Ò`V eMÞ MÐDRÞ Ð↝
• QÐeÞVÐLÊ jc¯ eMÞRÞ Ð↝
• ÒjNÊXÏÐL eMÞ\Ð Ð↝ ‘Keep those things’
• `Ðq SZ* c_ eMÞ QfÞaÐ bm Ð↝
• [ÐLÊ ^cà eMÞRÞ Ð↝
• Òj Ò`VÒe L\Ð eMÞ `ÐÒe _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘She/He can not conceal secrets’
• Ò[m eMÞa Ð↝ ‘To keep oil’
• LÊLÊe, hÊA, jÐeÑ eMÞRÞ Ð↝ ‘She/He has kept dog, parrot’ ***.

• mÐNç ↝
• [Þ@Z mÐNÞNmÐ Ð↝
• RÐt mÐNÊ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• _ÞAÜ mÐNÞ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘The fire has not caught’
• LkÞ mÐNÞÒm (jÐkÐdÔLÐeÑ) Ð↝ ‘request in addition to’
• ]Ñ` mNÐB Ò] Ð↝ ‘Light the candle’
• ÒQe mÐNÞ _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘The root has not been planted’
• @mZÐ, jéÐ], `Þ[Ð mÐNÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘It tastes bland, sweet, sour’
• ÒcÐ jÒ= mÐNÞRÞ Ð↝ ‘She/He is quarreling with me’
• [Ðe VÞLÞH [ʨ mÐÒN Ð↝ ‘She/He stammers a little’
• j& mÐNÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘Now it is evening’
• V*Ð mÐNÞRÞ Ð↝ ‘Money has been spent’
• ]Þk mÒNB LÐc LeÊ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• bË[ mÐNÞRÞ Ð↝
• _Þ], OÊc mÐNÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘I am feeling sleepy/drowsy’.

• cÐXÏç ↝ ‘to beat’
• _Þ], b¯ cÐXÏÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘I am feeling sleepy/drowsy. I am scared’.
• _C, NR, m[Ð cÐXÏÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘River, Tree, Branches are growing’.
• kj, LÐt, kN cÐXÏÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘I feel like laughing, crying, call-of-nature.’
• MeÐ, aiÐà cÐXÏÞ AjÊRÞ Ð↝
• ÒaNÒe cÐXÏÞ dÐ Ð↝ ‘Go/Move faster/quickly’.
• `ÐZÞ cXÏÐDRÞ Ð↝

• $ÞVç ↝ (open)
• aÐV $ÞVÞNmÐZÞ Ð↝
• [Ðe L`Ðf $ÞVÞRÞ Ð↝
• AmÊ@ $ÞVÞmÐZÞ Ð↝
• _ÐL $ÞVÊ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• `ÐVÞ $ÞVÊ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• e= $ÞVÊ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• AMÞ $ÞVÞ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• NeÐ $ÞVÞNmÐ Ð↝
• jée $ÞVÊ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• ÒaNÒe $ÞVÞdÐ c Ð↝
• [Ð' `ÐMeÊ (]feÊ) $ÞVÞNmÐ Ð↝

• MÐ ↝ (eat)
• MÐ` MÐDRÞ Ð↝
• Òj ÒcÐ ÒaL MÐDRÞ Ð↝
• cËfLÊ jÊ^ MÐBmÐZÞ Ð↝’The interest is more than the capital.’
• LÐW Ò`ÐL MÐBmÐZÞ Ð↝
• ÒcÐ Lf MÐB dÐBRÞ Ð↝
• cÐXÏ MÐBa Ð↝ ‘He/She/You will be beaten’.
• [Ðf MÐDRÞ Ð↝

• $ÐVç ↝ (break)
• c_ $ÐVÞNmÐ Ð↝ ‘Lost interest in something’.
• NfÐ $ÐVÞkmÐ Ð↝

• $ÊVç ↝ (blast)
• kÐ¨Þ $ÊVÞNmÐ Ð↝
• aÐZ $ÊVÊRÞ Ð↝
• AMÞ $ÊVÞNmÐ Ð↝
• bÐ[ $ÊVÊRÞ Ð↝’The rice is boiling.’
• $Êm $ÊVÞmÐZÞ Ð↝ ‘The flower has blossomed’.

• ÒcÐXÏ ↝ (bend)
• Òj bÐeÞ ÒcÐXÏÞ ÒkDRÞ Ð↝
• ÒNÐXÏ ÒcÐXÏÞ Ò] Ð↝
• Ò`V ÒcÐXÏÊRÞ Ð↝

• bÐ=ç ↝ ‘break’
• c_ bÐ=ÞaÐ↝
• `Ð_ bÐ=ÞaÐ↝
• _Þ] bÐ=ÞaÐ↝
• L\Ð b=ÞaÐ↝
• au bÐ=ÞaÐ↝
• mÊNÐ bÐ=ÞaÐ↝
• LfÞ bÐ=Þ ]Þ@ Ð↝
• aÐV bÐ=Þ QÐmÞNmÐ Ð↝

• ^Ð ↝ ‘run after’
• ^ÐBÜ ^`ÊXÏÞ _mÐNÞÒm LÞ LÐc kÊH Ð↝
• H LÐcÒe c_ ^ÐDÜ _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• Ò`V Ò`ÐiÞaÐLÊ ^ÐBÜRÞ Ð↝

• QÐmç ↝ ‘walk’
• aÞQÐe QÐmÞRÞ Ð↝
• MeÐ QÐmÞdÞa Ð↝
• c_ QÐmÊ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘the mind is not working/functioning’.
• H akÞ aÞ]ÔÐf¯Òe QÐmÊ _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘This book is not being used/followed in the school’.
• Òj jaÊ HWÞ QÐmÞa _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘All these will not work here’.
• a¯j QÐmÞNmÐ Ð↝ ‘The age limit is over’.
• aÊYÏÐ H eÐ[ÞÒe QÐmÞNÒm Ð↝ ‘The oldman passed away last night’.
• Òj QÐmÞ LeÞ AjÞmÐ Ð↝ ‘She/He came by walk’.

• `Ð ↝ (get)
• LÐf `ÐB NmÐZÞ Ð↝ ‘It has been ages’.
• mÊNÐ _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘don’t have clothes’
• Òj ÒNÐÒV LÐc `ÐBmÐZÞ Ð↝ ‘She/He has got a job’.
• eÐ[Þ `ÐkÞmÐZÞ Ð↝ ‘The night is over. The night has ended’.
• aÊwÞ `ÐD_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘She/He is not getting the knowledge’.
• aÐV `ÐD_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘She/He is not getting the way’.
• `ÞmÐVÞ `B[Ð `ÐB_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘The boy has not been sworn up as a Brahmin. The boy has not accumulated the sacred thread’.
• AMÞ `ÐD_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘It is not visible’.
• ]ÊÓM `ÐDRÞ Ð↝ ‘She is suffering’.
• `Ðeç `ÐBmÐZÞ Ð↝ ‘He has escaped’
• Òj ]ÊB cÐj hÞlÐ `ÐBmÐ (ÒSm MVÞmÐ - N&Ðc) ↝ ‘He was in the jail for two months’.

• ]Þhç ↝ ‘to be seen’
• aÊwÞ ]ÞhÊ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘Not getting a clue / an idea’.
• e= ]ÞhÞmÐ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘The color was not visible’.
• [Ðe NW_ VÞLÞH ]ÞhÞmÐZÞ Ð↝ ‘His/Her physic/appearance has improved’.

• `hç ↝ (enter)
• Òj `hÞNmÐZÞ Ð↝ ‘She/He has entered’.
• c_ aÊwÞ `hÊ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• @te `hÞmÐZÞ Ð↝
• L\ÐÒe `hÞ ÒkD_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• LÐc `hÞÒm aÊwÞ ]ÞhÞa Ð↝ ‘Once you get the work, you will get the idea’.

• akç ↝ ‘blow’
• `a_ akÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘the wind is blowing’.
• hÒk V*Ð ÒLÒ[, AkÊeÞ akÞdÞa (DXÏÞdÞa) Ð↝

• Ò`Ðiç ↝ ‘tame/bring up’
• AhÐ Ò`ÐiÞRÞ Ð↝ ‘She/He has hope. I have hope’
• Ò`V Ò`Ði _ÐkÞÜ Ò]Ði Ð↝

• kÐZç ↝ ‘kill with cutting’
• Òj [Ð* Ò`ÒV kÐZÞ Ò]mÐ Ð↝ ‘She/He killed her/him in the belly’.
• Òj jaÊ ÒaÒf L\ÐÒe kÐZÞ Ò]DRÞ Ð↝ ‘He is always opposing by words’.
• Òj HÒ[ jÊte Òd AMÞÒe kÐZÞ ]Þ@«Þ Ð↝ ‘She is so beautiful that she attracts everyone by her glance’.

• `ÐXÏç ↝ ‘fart’
• XÞcé `ÐXÏÞmÐ Ð↝
• Òj `ÐXÏÞmÐ Ð↝ ‘He/She farted’.
• ajÐ `ÐXÏÊRÞ Ð↝
• `jeÐ `ÐXÏÞRÞ Ð↝

• Ò`ÐXÏç ↝ (burn)
• `ÐVÞ Ò`ÐXÏÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘The mouth is burning’.
• aÐBNZ Ò`ÐXÏ Ð↝
• ha Ò`ÐXÏÞaÐ Ð↝ ‘to burn corpse/dead body/carcass’

• jkç ↝ ‘bear’
• ^cà jkÞRÞ Ð↝
• Òj ÒcÐÒ[ jkÞ `ÐÒe _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• AD LÐf jkÞa _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘Now, the luck won’t favor’.
• [ÐLÊ `Ê@ jkÊ _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• jkÞ jc÷ÐfÞ LÒm kÊH Ð↝
• HWÐ `ÐZÞ jkÞ NmÐZÞ Ð↝ ‘I/She/He can bear with the present situation/atmosphere/surrounding’

• Ò[Ðfç ↝ ‘pluck’
• $Êm Ò[ÐfÞaÐ↝ ‘to pluck flowers’
• mÊNÐ Ò[ÐfÞ AZÞaÐ Ð↝ ‘to bring the clothes back from outside which were meant for drying’
• ctÞe/Oe Ò[ÐfÞaÐ↝ ‘to built temple/house’
• jée Ò[ÐfÞaÐ↝ ‘to raise voice’

• ÒmMç ↝ ‘write’
• ÒmMÐ `YÐ↝ ‘writing-reading’
• [ÊÒc LÐkÞÜÒe ÒmMÐ↝ ‘What kind of person you are? What are you written by?’

• ÒVLç ↝ ‘hold up/raise’
• ÒLÒ[ ÒVLÊR c ! ↝
• jÐkj ÒVLÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘acquiring confidence/power’
• c_ ÒVLÊ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• L`Ðf ÒVLÞRÞ Ð↝ ‘She/He has a good fortune/luck’.
• _C ÒVLÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘The river is swelling.’
• aÐB ÒVLÞRÞ Ð↝

• ÒNÐfç ↝ ‘mix’
• L\Ð ÒNÐÒfB Ò]mÐ Ð↝ ‘She/He blended/avoided the talk with another topic’.
• `ÐZÞ ÒNÐfÐ _Ð Ð↝ ‘Don’t mess up/spoil the water’.
• c_ ÒNÐÒfB ÒkDRÞ Ð↝
• RÐXÏç ↝ ‘leave’
• NÍkZ RÐXÏÞ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• b¯ RÐXÏÞNmÐ Ð↝ ‘I am not feeling afraid’.
• c_ RÐXÏÞNmÐ Ð↝
• eXÏÞ RÐXÏÞRÞ Ð↝ ‘She/He has shouted’.
• Òj RÐXÏç RÐXÏç ÒkDRÞ Ð↝
• Òj RÐXÏÞ RÞqÐXÏÞ ÒkÐB LkÞmÐ Ð↝ ‘He said unrestrainedly’.

• cÐ_ç ↝ ‘obey’
• Òj ÒcÐÒ[ cÐÒ_ Ð↝ ‘She/He obeys me’.
• c_ cÐ_Ê _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘I don’t feel’.
• Òj _ÞS Ò]Ði cÐ_ÞNmÐ Ð↝ ‘He/She acknowledged his/her fault’.
• [ÊcLÊ H Òah cÐ_Ê_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘This attire is not fit/appropriate for you’.
• LÊLÊeVÞ Ò`ÐiÐ cÐ_ÞmÐZÞ Ð↝ ‘The dog has been tamed’.

• afç ↝
• Ò]k afÞ NmÐZÞ Ð↝
• c_ afÊ_ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• afÞÒm MÐBaÐLÊ Ò]aÞ Ð↝
• [Ð*e akÊ[ af Ð↝ ‘He/She has enough power’.

• Qfç ↝ (maintain/manage)
• ÒcÐÒ[ QfÐ_Ð Ð↝ ‘Don’t bring me up’.
• H[ÞLÞÒe QfÞÒka _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘It can’t be maintained with this much’.
• H V*ÐVÐ QfÊ _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘This coin is not in use’.
• ÒcÐe [Ð*e QfÊ _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘I am not in a good relationship with him/her’.
• ÒcÐÒ]kÒe `ÐZÞ QfÊ _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• H akÞ ²ÊmÒe QfÊ _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘This book is not being followed in the school’.
• LÐc QfÞ NmÐZÞ Ð↝ ‘It’s working’.
• WLÐcÞ QfÞa _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘Cheating will not work’.

• aYÏç ↝ ‘grow’
• `ËSÐ aYÏÞmÐ Ð↝
• Òl[ aYÏÐ ÒkmÐ Ð↝
• [Ð* `Ê@ aYÏÞmÐZÞ Ð↝ ‘His/Her son has grown up’.
• V*ÐVÐ/NRVÐ aYÏÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘The money/tree is growing’.
• cÊkÜ aYÏÞNmÐZÞ Ð↝ ‘to talk vehemently against somebody’
• kÐ[ aYÏÐ Ð↝ ‘Show your hand’.

• LÐVç ↝ ‘cut’
• Ò`V LÐVÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘I am feeling stomach ache’.
• ]Þ_ LÐVÞaÐ↝ ‘to pass days’
• `BjÐ LÐVÞaÐ↝ ‘to cut money’
• cÐXÏ LÐVÞaÐ↝ ‘feeling pain for a fist’
• NÊZÑ LÐVÞ `ÐeÞmÐ _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝
• Ki^ LÐVÊ LeÊ _ÐkÞÜ Ð↝ ‘The medicine is not working’.
• dÊ¦Þ LÐVÞ Ò]DRÞ Ð↝ ‘He is opposing the argument’.
• NÐe LÐV _Ð Ð↝ ‘Don’t draw lines’.
• QÞ[Ð LÐVÞaÐ Ð↝ ‘to be failed in something’ (especially in examination)
• _ÞAÜ/ MeÐ LÐVÊRÞ Ð↝ ‘The fire/sun is tiring’.

• aÊXç ↝ ‘drown/sink’
• LÊf aÊXÏÞaÐ↝ ‘not getting a son as successor’
• V*Ð aÊXÏÞaÐ↝ ‘not getting the money back’
• Òaf aÊXÏÞaÐ↝ ‘sun set’
• cÐ_, ckré aÊXÏÞaÐ↝ ‘to loose prestige and dignity’
• FZÒe aÊXÏÞdÞaÐ↝ ‘to have more debt’
• `ÐZÞÒe Oe aÊXÏÞaÐ↝ ‘sinking of a house in the water’
• SÞ_ÞiLÊ ]Ðcç aÊXÏÞNmÐ Ð↝ ‘The price of the thing is more than what it is’.
• Òj aÊXÏÞ LeÞ @RÞ, [ÐLÊ QÞkðÞa LÞH? ↝

Post-Positions in Oriya

Post-positions in Oriya can take the case markers. The following are some of the post-positional words used in Oriya:

1. RXÏÐ /tʃ^hɔṛa:/ ‘apart from’
2. _ÞcÞr /nimittɔ/
3. `ÐBÜ /pa:iɱ/ ‘for’
4. aÞ_Ð /bina:/ ‘without’
5. aÔ[Ñ[ /bjti:tɔ/ ‘except’
6. @Ò`lÐ /ɔpekṣa:/ ‘than’
7. [kÊÜ /tɔhuɱ/ ‘so’
8. `Í[Þ /prɔti/ ‘towards’
9. jkÞ[ /sɔhitɔ/ ‘with’
10. jk /sɔhɔ/ ‘with, along, along with’
11. @a^Þ /ɔbɔd^hi/
12. `dàÔ« /pɔrjɔntɔ/ ‘till’
13. aÐa] /ba:bɔdɔ/
14. cÐà$[ç /ma:rp^hɔtɔ/
15. [ÊmÔ /tuljɔ/
16. [ÊÒm /tule/
17. `eÞ /pɔri/ ‘like’
18. ]éÐeÐ /dwa:ra:/ ‘by’
19. LrÊàL /kɔrttukɔ/
20. Ò]B /dei/ ‘by’
21. AN /a:gɔ/ ‘front’
22. LeÞ /kɔri/
23. `ÐÒM /pa:k^he/ ‘near’
24. LÐeZ /ka:rɔɳɔ/ ‘because’
25. \ÐBÜ /t^ha:iɱ/ ‘being’
26. D`Òe /upɔre/ ‘on’
27. [Òf /tɔɭe/ ‘under, beneath’
28. `ÒR /pɔtʃ^he/ ‘later’
29. `ÐÒh /pa:śe/ ‘near’
30. aÐkÐÒe /ba:ha:re/ ‘outside’
31. bÞ[Òe /b^hitɔre/ ‘inside’
32. aÞkÞÒ_ /bihine/ ‘without’
33. cÒ^Ô /mɔd^hje/ ‘middle’
34. mÐNÞ /la:gi/ ‘for’
35. jÒ= /sɔŋge/ ‘with, along with’
36. jÐÒ\ /sa:t^he/ ‘with , along with’
37. jÊwÐ /sudd^ha:/ ‘still’
38. ÒkÒm /hele/ though
39. @_ÊjÐÒe /ɔnusa:re/ likewise
40. @_ÊdÐB /ɔnuʤa:i/ likewise
41. bÞ_ð /b^hinnɔ/ other, different
42. aÞi¯ /biṣɔjɔ/ subject
43. L\Ð /kɔt^ha:/ matter, topic
44. @\à /ɔrt^hɔ/ meaning
45. AXÏ /a:ṛɔ/ direction
46. a]f /bɔdɔɭɔ/ exchange
47. aÐÒ]/ba:de/ after
48. Ò_B /nei/ taking
49. DrÐeÊ /utta:ru/, DrÐÒe /utta:re/ after
50. `Òe /pɔre/ next, after
51. aÔ[ÞÒeL /bjɔtirekɔ/ except
52. cÊÒf /muɭe/ in the beginning, to the deep
53. kÐ[ /ha:tɔ/ hand
54. _ÞLV /nikɔʈɔ/ near, close
55. `Í[Þ /prɔti/ towards, for
56. cÊM /muk^hɔ/ words
57. j_ðÞ^Ð_ /sɔnnid^ha:nɔ/
58. jcÑ` /sɔmi:pɔ/ near
59. L[Þ /kɔti/
60. QÒf /tʃɔɭe/ maintain
61. jLÐh /sɔka:śe/
62. ]ÞN /digɔ/ direction

Parts of Speech Tagging (`]Ð_é¯ or `] `eÞQ¯)

Tagging is the process of labeling a piece of data. Part-of-speech tagging is the process of marking up the words in a text with their corresponding parts of speech.

Different examples on how to tag or label with various morphological information for all the POS category of Oriya has been given below.

1. Noun
• Sub-noun layer distinction like Proper noun, Material noun, Common noun, Collective noun, Abstract noun, etc.
• Gender distinction like Masculine, Feminine, Neuter (there is no grammatical gender in Oriya)
• Number distinction like Singular, Plural, Dual, etc. (if any)
• Distinction in Case inflection such as nominative, genitive, objective, etc. (if any)
• Distinction of aÞb¦Þ.
• (LÐeL \ÞÒm ÒdDÜ LÍޯРjkÞ[ @_Þé[).
• (LÐeL _ \ÞÒm ÒLDÜ LÐeZeÊ ÒLDÜ aÞb¦Þ).
• (jcéu `] ÒkÐB\ÞÒm LÞ `ÍLÐe jcéu J ÒLDÜ `] jkÞ[ jcéu).
• For example, eÐc hÔÐc* jkÞ[ hÞlL* OÒe `ÍÒah LÒm Ð ra:mɔ śja:mɔŋkɔ sɔhitɔ śikṣɔkɔŋkɔ g^hɔre prɔbeśɔ kɔle ‘Rama entered into the house of the teacher with Shyam.’

eÐc (Rama) ↝ noun, proper noun, masculine, singular, nominative case (LràÐ LÐeL), (`Í\cÐ aÞb¦Þ), (`ÍÒah LÒm) verb (jkÞ[ @_Þé[).

hÔÐc* (with Shyam) ↝ noun, proper noun, masculine, singular, (iºÑ aÞb¦Þ), jk (with) indeclinable is used to make this noun belongs to iºÑ aÞb¦Þ.

hÞlL* (of the teacher/teacher’s) ↝ noun, proper noun, feminine, singular, (jcéu `]), (`ÍbÊ[é jcéu), relationship with eÐS^Ð_Ñ.

OÒe (into the house) ↝ noun, material/common noun, feminine, singular, (@^ÞLeZ LÐeL), place (yÐ_Ð^ÞLeZ), (j©cÑ aÞb¦Þ), `ÍÒah LÒm verb jkÞ[ @_Þé[.

2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adjective
5. Indeclinable

D. Syntax (Sentence Structure)

Oriya is an SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) language. The following examples show the word order in four basic types.

1. Intransitive (subject - verb)

Òj 	  kjÊQÞÞ Ð
se 	   hɔs-      u-        tʃ-      ø-      i
he/she   laugh    Prog   Aux    Pres  3p sg Non-hon
‘He/She non-hon is laughing.’

2. Monotransitive

Òj 	  bÐ[   MÐDQÞÞ Ð
se 	   bha:tɔ    kha:-     u- 	tʃ- 	ø- 	i
he/she   rice       eat        Prog 	Aux 	Pres 	3p sg non-hon
‘He/She non-hon is eating rice.’

3. Ditransitive

Òj 	   ÒcÐÒ[ ÒNÐÒV akÞ 	    Ò]mÐ Ð
se 	     mote      goʈe    bɔhi         de-      l-       a:
he/she     me         one       book        give   Past   3p sg non-hon
‘He/She non-hon gave me a book.’

4. Complex Transitive

Òj 	  ÒcÐÒ[ akÊ[   bm    bÐÒa Ð
se  	    mote    bɔhutɔ    bhɔlɔ     bha:b-    ø-        e
he/she    me       very       good       think     Pres    3p sg non-hon
‘He/She non-hon considers me very good.’

Adjuncts usually occur between the subject and the verb, such as
Òj 	  LÐmÞ   	  AjÞa Ð
se    	    ka:li     	   a:s-      ib-         ɔ
he/she    tomorrow    come   Future  3p sg non-hon
‘He/She will come tomorrow.’

Òj 	  LVLÒe 	     QÐLÞeÞ 	LÒe Ð
se 	    kɔʈɔkɔ-  re     tʃa:kiri 	kɔr-   ø- 	e
he/she   Cuttack   in        job 		do 	Pres    3p sg non-hon
‘He/She works in Cuttack.’

Oriya, however, does not have a rigid word order. The word order that has been illustrated above is used most frequently. Stylistically, it is probably most neutral. It is, however, not impossible for a sentence such as (a) to have any of the word orders given below from (b) to (e).

1. eÐc jÑ[ÐLÊ bm`ÐH Ð

      Rama  Sita-  ku 		bhɔlɔ-pa:- 	  ø-       e
      Rama  Sita    obj non-hon    good     get 	  Pres    3p sg non-hon
      ‘Rama loves Sita.’

2. eÐc bm`ÐH jÑ[ÐLÊ

      ‘Rama loves Sita.’

3. jÑ[ÐLÊ bm`ÐH eÐc

      ‘Rama loves Sita.’

4. bm`ÐH eÐc jÑ[ÐLÊ

      ‘Rama loves Sita.’

5. bm`ÐH jÑ[ÐLÊ eÐc

      ‘Rama loves Sita.’

All the sentences have been given the same gloss to indicate that the grammatical relations of the constituents in the sentences remain the same. Stylistically, of course, the sentences will have different meanings. For example, (b) will mean something like: “It is Sita whom Rama loves.” But the point that is being made is that all of these are possible, although when they are equally acceptable; (d) and (e) in particular are deviant.

1. Sentence Types

In Oriya, there are three types of sentences, such as (i) Simple Sentence or jef aÐLÔ, (ii) Compound Sentence or ÒdßÐNÞL aÐLÔ, and (iii) Complex Sentence or SVÞf aÐLÔ. A simple sentence jef aÐLÔ contains one subject and one verb. For example, cÊÜ MÐH Ð /muɱ k^ha:e/ ‘I eat.’, Òj LVL NÒm Ð /se kɔʈɔkɔ gɔle/ ‘She/He went to Cuttack.’, etc.

A compound sentence ÒdßÐNÞL aÐLÔ is composed of atleast two independent clauses, but no dependent clauses. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or without a comma), a correlative conjunction (with or without a comma), or a semicolon with no conjunction. For example, eÐc SÒZ RÐ[Í; Òj j©c ÒhÍZÑÒe `ÒYÏ Ð /ra:mɔ ʤɔɳe tʃ^ha:trɔ; se sɔptɔmɔ śreɳi:re pɔrhe/ ‘Ram is a student; he studies in 7th Standard’.

A complex sentence SVÞf aÐLÔ is composed of an independent principal clause and at least one dependent/subordinate clause. The dependent clause is often introduced by a subordinate conjunction. For example, Òd jaà]Ð j[Ô LÒk, Òj _Þb௠Р/ʤe sɔrbɔda: sɔtjɔ kɔhe, se nirb^hɔjɔ/ ‘She/He who always speaks the truth is fearless’.

Sometimes, there can be one more type of sentence which is an admixture of both the compound and complex sentence. This type of sentence is called a Compound-Complex or mixed sentence or cÞhÍ aÐLÔ. For example,

eÐ[ÞÒe ÒdDÜ ÒmÐLcÐÒ_ AjÞ\ÞÒm, ÒjcÐ_* jkÞ[ aÐ`Ð L\Ð ÒkÒm HaÕ ÒjcÐ_*e jLúÐe LÒm Ð

/ra:tire ʤeuɱ lokɔma:ne a:sit^hile, sema:nɔŋkɔ sɔhitɔ ba:pa: kɔt^ha: hele ebɔṃ sema:nɔŋkɔrɔ sɔtka:rɔ kɔle/

‘Father talked with the people who came in the night and treated them’.

The Oriya sentences can also be classified as (i) declarative sentences, (ii) interrogative sentences, (iii) exclamatory sentences, and (iv) imperative sentences.

1. Declarative sentences are used to state a fact or argument that does not require a response from the listener. Ex, cÊÜ bÐ[ MÐDRÞ Ð /muɱ b^ha:tɔ k^ha:utʃ^hi/ ‘I am eating rice’.
2. Interrogative sentences are used to ask a question that expects an answer from the listener. For example, [ÊÒc ÒLcÞ[Þ @R ?/tume kemiti ɔtʃ^hɔ/ ‘How are you?’
3. Exclamatory sentences are used to make a forceful or emphatic statement or argument. It can also be an interjection. For example, ALÐh ÒLÒXÏ jÊte ! /a:ka:śɔ keṛe sundɔrɔ/ How beautiful the sky is !, jÒ[ ! /sɔte/ Really !
4. Imperative sentences are used to give a direct command or request to the listener. It can also appear in the form of a question. For example, dÐ@ J _ÞS LÐc Le Ð /ʤa:ɔ o niʤɔ ka:mɔ kɔrɔ/ Go and do your work., ]¯ÐLeÞ A`Z ÒcÐÒ[ JXÏޯРaÔÐLeZ `YÏÐBÒa LÞ ? /dɔja:kɔri a:pɔɳɔ mote oṛija: bja:kɔrɔɳɔ pɔrha:ibeki/ ‘Would you please teach me the Oriya grammar ?’

2. Internal Structure of the Sentence

3. Coordination

4. Negation

In Oriya, _- /nɔ-/ and -_ÐkÞÜ /-na:hiɱ/ are commonly used as the negation markers or particles. -_ÐkÞÜ /-na:hiɱ/ and its common variant /-ni/ are used only with a finite verb. There are several more variants of the negative particle _- /nɔ-/ such as _Ð- /na:-/, -_Þ /-ni/, -_Ê /-nu/, _ÐÜ /na:ɱ/, _Ð'c /na:’mɔ/, -_ÐB /-na:i/, -_ÐBÜ /-na:iɱ/, _ÊkÜ /nuhɔɱ/, _ÊÒkÜ /nuheɱ/, _ÐkÐ«Þ /na:ha:nti/, _ÐkÐÜ«Þ /na:ha:ɱnti/, _Ð _Ð (_ÐÜ _ÐÜ) /na: na: (na:ɱ na:ɱ)/.

Òj dÞa _Þ Ð
se 	   ʤ	ib-	    ɔ 			ni
he/she   go 	Future    3p sg non-hon 	neg
‘He/She will not go.’

When the finite verb has the auxiliary -\Ð- /-t^ha:-/, the negative marker that is commonly used is _- /nɔ-/. For example,

Òj dÐB_\ÞmÐ Ð
se 	   ʤa:-   i-		  nɔ-	 th-	il-	a:
he/she   go       Perfective   neg   Aux 	Past 	3p sg non-hon
‘He/She had not gone.’

With the non-finite verbs, only _- /nɔ-/ is used as the negative marker. For example, here the negative marker is used immediately before the verb.

Òj ÒcÐÒ[ _dÞaÐLÊ LkÞQÞ Ð
se 	  mote  nɔ-	ʤ-  iba:-   ku kɔh-  i-	        tʃ-    rø- 	i
he/she  me 	  neg 	go   suffix to say 	Perfective Aux  Pres   3p sg non-hon
‘He/She has asked me not to go.’

_- /nɔ-/ is also used with the conditional clauses. If the verb of the conditional clause does not have the auxiliary -\Ð- /-t^ha:-/, _- /nɔ-/ is used immediately before the verb. For example,

eÐc _NÒm hÔÐc dÞa_Þ Ð
ra:mɔ  nɔ-	gɔ-	le 	  śjamɔ 	ʤ-	ib-	    ɔ-	   ni
Rama  neg 	go 	suffix	  Shyama 	go 	Future   3p sg    neg
‘If Rama does not go, Shyama will not go.’

d]Þ Òj _Le«Ð [ÐÒkÒm cÊÜ Le«Þ Ð
ʤɔdi  se 	    nɔ-	  kɔr-  ø-	ɔnt-		a: 		      ta:
if 	 he/she  neg  do 	Pres 	Conditional 3p sg non-hon   that
he-	    le 	       muɱ    kɔr-    ø-		ɔnt-		  i
happen   suffix     I         do       Pres 	Conditional   	1p sg
‘If he did not do, I would do.’

*** Write about Òj MÐA«Ð_Þ ? [ÊÒc dÐ@«_Þ LÞ ? ***

But if the verb of the conditional clause has the auxiliary -\Ð- /t^ha:/, _- /nɔ-/ can be used either immediately before the verb or immediately before -\Ð- /t^ha:/. For example,

Òj NÐB _\ÞÒm cÊÜ NÐB\Ð«Þ Ð
se 	   ga:-    i- 		nɔ- 	th- 	ile 	  muɱ
he/she   sing   Perfective 	neg 	Aux 	suffix	  I 
ga:-	i-		tha:-   ø-	nt-		  i
sing 	Perfective	Aux   Pres	Conditional	 1p sg
‘If he/she had not sung, I would have sung.’

Òj _NÐB\ÞÒm cÊÜ NÐB\Ð«Þ (NÐB\ÐA«Þ)Ð
se 	   nɔ-	ga:-	i-		th-	ile 	 muɱ
he/she   neg 	sing	Perfective 	Aux 	suffix	 I
ga:-  i-	        tha:-	ø-	a:nt-		 i
go    Perfective    Aux	Pres 	Conditional  1p sg
‘If he/she had not sung, I would have sung.’

_- /nɔ-/ can also be used with the imperative/subjunctive verbs such as given below:

ÒjcÐÒ_ _Le«Ê Ð
sema:ne    nɔ-   ʤa:-  ø-     a:ntu
they 	       neg   go     Pres  Imperative/Subjunctive + 3p pl
‘Let them not go.’

_- /nɔ-/ can also be used before the existential copula \Ð-/t^ha:-/ to express negative meaning. For example,

Òj OÒe _\ÞmÐ Ð
se 	   ghɔr-   e 	nɔ-   th-  il-	   a:
he/she   house  in 	neg  be   Past  3p sg non-hon
‘He/She was not at home.’

_ÊkÜ- /nuhɔɱ-/ and _ÐkÜ- /na:hɔɱ-/ are used as the negative counterparts of the equative copula [o/ɔʈ-] and the existential copula /ɔtʃ^h-/, respectively:

Òj XÏЦe _ÊÒkÜ Ð
se 	  ṛa:ktɔrɔ  nuh-  ø-	      eɱ
he/she doctor      neg    Pres   3p sg non-hon
‘He/She is not a doctor.’

cÊÜ OÒe _ÐkÞÜ Ð
muɱ 	ghɔr-	 e     na:h- ø-       iɱ
I 	house  in   neg    Pres   1p sg 
‘I am not at home.’

-_ÐkÜ /-na:hɔɱ/ is also used as the negative counterpart of the auxiliary -@Rç- /-ɔtʃ^h-/, for example,

`ÞmÐcÐÒ_ `YÏÊ_ÐkÐ«Þ Ð
pila:  ma:ne 		   pɔrh-  u-	   na:h-   ø-	    a:nti
boy   s (pl marker)    read    Prog  Aux     Pres   3p pl hon
‘The boys are not reading.’

In Certain cases, -_ç- /-n-/ can also be used as a variant of the negative auxiliary -_ÐkÜç- /-na:hɔɱ-/, for example,

[Ê MÐD_Ê Ð
tu 		    kha:-   u-	       n- 	ø-	u
you non-hon    eat	     Prog     Aux	Pres	2p sg non-hon
‘You are not eating.’

5. Anaphora

6. Reflexives

7. Reciprocals

8. Comparison expressed or element

9. Equatives

10. Possession

11. Emphasis

12. Topic

13. Other move mental process

14. Minor sentence types

15. Voice (aÐQÔ) in Oriya

Voice is a verb-form that indicates the relationship between the subject and the state/action expressed by the verb, and its arguments (subjects, objects, etc.). There can be four types of voice in Oriya such as (i) the Active Voice or LrÊàaÐQÔ, (ii) the Passive Voice or LcàaÐQÔ, (iii) the bÐa aÐQÔ, and (iv) the LcàLrÊà aÐQÔ.

• Active Voice or LrÊàaÐQÔ ↝ When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is said to be in the active voice. For example, hÞlL `ÐW `YÏÐBÒm Ð /śikṣɔkɔ pa:ʈ^hɔ pɔrha:ile/ The teacher taught., eÐc eÐaZLÊ _Þk[ LÒm Ð /ra:mɔ ra:bɔɳɔku nihɔtɔ kɔle/ Ram killed Rabana.
• Passive Voice or LcàaÐQÔ ↝ When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice. For example, keÞZVÞ ^eÐ ÒkmÐ Ð /hɔriɳɔʈi d^hɔra: hela:/ The deer was captured., eÐaZ eÐc* ]éÐeÐ _Þk[ ÒkmÐ Ð /ra:bɔɳɔ ra:mɔŋkɔ dwa:ra: nihɔtɔ hela:/ ‘Rabana was killed by Rama’.
• The bÐa aÐQÔ ↝ When the verb does not have any object in the sentence and the verb phrase does not follow the subject which is really the agent or actor of the verb, it is called the bÐa aÐQÔ. For example, ÒcÐe MÞA ÒkmÐ _ÐkÞÜ Ð /morɔ k^hia: hela: na: hiɱ/ I did not take the food. A`Z*Ê AjÞaÐLÊ Òka Ð /a:pɔɳɔŋku a:siba:ku hebɔ/ ‘You have to come’. (You must come.)
• The LcàLrÊà aÐQÔ ↝ When the object is used as the subject, it seems that the work is being done by itself, and the verb is used as an intransitive verb though being transitive, then the verb is said to be in LcàLrÊà aÐQÔ voice. For example, cʨ aÞuÊQÞ Ð /muɳɖɔ bind<sup>h</sup>utʃi/ ‘My head is aching’, $f `ÐQÞmÐ Ð /p^hɔɭɔ pa:tʃila:/ The fruit ripened., bÐ[ $ÊVÊRÞ Ð /b^ha:tɔ p^huʈutʃ^hi/ ‘The rice is boiling’.

Question Formation in Oriya

The ‘WH-question’ words in Oriya are LÞH /kie/ who, LZ (L'Z, L@Z) /kɔɳɔ (kɔ’ɳɔ, kɔɔɳɔ)/ what, LÐkÐLÊ /ka:ha:ku/ whom, ÒLÒa /kebe/ when, LÊAÒXÏ /kua:ṛe/ where, ÒLÒ[ /kete/ how much, ÒLÒ[(VÐ) /kete(ʈa:)/ how many, ÒLÒ[ SZ /kete ʤɔɳɔ/ how many (human), LÐkÐe (LÐA, LÐAe, LÐkÐ) /ka:ha:rɔ(ka:a:, ka:a:rɔ, ka:ha:)/ whose, LÐkÞÜLÞ /ka:hɱiki/ why, etc.

LÐkÐ (LÐA) /ka:ha:/ whose is usually used as the oblique form, e.g. LÐkÐ `ÐBÜ /ka:ha: pa:iɱ/ for whom, LÐkÐ `ÐMÒe /ka:ha: pa:k^hɔre/ ‘near whom’.

In short WH-questions, the WH-word usually occurs immediately before the verb or sentence-initially. For example,

[Ê Òj akÞVÐ LÐkÐLÊ Ò]mÊ ?
tu 		    se       bɔhi-    ʈa: 	  ka:ha:ku  de-    l-	      u ?
you non-hon    that     book    definite    whom      give  Past    2p sg non-hon
‘Whom did you give that book?’

[Ê LÐkÐLÊ Òj akÞVÐ Ò]mÊ ?
tu 		  ka:ha:ku  se     bɔhi-   ʈa: 	de-   l-        u ?
you non-hon  whom      that   book  definite  give  Past   2p sg non-hon
‘Whom did you give that book?’

LÐkÐLÊ [Ê Òj akÞVÐ Ò]mÊ ?
ka:ha:ku   tu 	         se      bɔhi-   ʈa: 	    de-     l-	    u ?
whom       you non-hon   that   book   definite   give   Past    2p sg non-hon
‘Whom did you give that book?’

In long WH-questions, the question word or the clause containing the question word usually occurs sentence-initially. For example,

LÐkÐLÊ Òj bm`ÐH ÒaÐmÞ [Òc bÐaÊQ ?
ka:ha:ku   se           bhɔlɔ-  pa:-   ø-   	e
whom       he/she   good     get    Pres 	3p sg non-hon
boli 		   tɔme 	      bha:b-  u-	tʃ-      ø-	ɔ ?
Comparative   you mid-hon   think    Prog	Aux   Pres 	2p sg mid-hon
‘Whom do you think he/she loves?’

Òj LÐkÐLÊ bm`ÐH ÒaÐmÞ [Òc bÐaÊQ ?
se 	   ka:ha:ku    bhɔlɔ-  pa:-   ø-	e
he/she   whom 	good    get    Pres 	3p sg non-hon
boli 		   tɔme   	       bha:b-	u-	tʃ-	ø-	ɔ ?
Comparative   you mid-hon    think	Prog	Aux	Pres 	2p sg mid-hon
‘Whom do you think he/she loves?’

LÐkÐLÊ [Òc bÐaÊQ Òj bm`ÐH ÒaÐmÞ?
ka:ha:ku  tɔme 		bha:b-  u-	   tʃ-	  ø-	  ɔ
whom      you mid-hon 	think    Prog   Aux 	  Pres   2p sg mid-hon
se 	     bhɔlɔ-   pa:-  ø-	   e 			boli ?
he/she    good       get   Pres  3p sg non-hon 	Comparative
‘Whom do you think he/she loves?’

Yes/no questions are usually asked by using the question-marker particle LÞ /ki/, a combination of the negative marker _Þ /ni/ and LÞ /ki/, a combination of the negative markers _Ð /na:/ and _ÐkÞÜ /na:hiɱ/, a combination of the negative marker _Ð /na:/ and L@Z /kɔɔɳɔ/ ‘what’, an emphasis marker such as [ /tɔ/, etc. sentence-finally, or by using sentence-initially or medially. For example,

[Ê dÞaÊ LÞ ?
tu 		    ʤ-  ib-	   u 			ki ?
you non-hon    go   Future  2p sg non-hon 	Question Particle
‘Will you go?’

[Ê dÞaÊ_ÞLÞ ?
tu 		   ʤ-  ib-	 u- 			ni-	ki ?
you non-hon   go   Future 2p sg non-hon 	neg 	Question Particle
‘Won’t you go?’

[Ê dÞaÊ _Ð _ÐkÞÜ ?
tu 		   ʤ-  ib-	  u 		       na:    na:hiɱ ?
you non-hon   go   Future  2p sg non-hon   neg   neg
‘Will you go or not?’

[Ê dÞaÊ _Ð L@Z ?
tu 		    ʤ-	  ib-	    u 			na:    kɔɔɳɔ ?
you non-hon    go    Future  2p sg non-hon 	neg   what
‘Will you go?’

[Ê dÞaÊ [ ? 
tu 		    ʤ-   ib-	      u 			  tɔ ?
you non-hon    go    Future    2p sg non-hon 	  Emphatic
‘Will you really go?’

[Ê L@Z dÞaÊ ?
tu 		    kɔɔɳɔ   ʤ-   ib-		u ?
you non-hon    what       go    Future 	2p sg non-hon
‘Will you really go?’

L@Z [Ê dÞaÊ ?
kɔɔɳɔ   tu 			ʤ-	ib-	   u ?
What     you non-hon 	go 	Future   2p sg non-hon
‘Will you really go?’

It is also common to ask yes/no questions without using any of the forms given above in the seven sentences and simply by intonation such as,

[Ê dÞaÊ ?
tu 		    ʤ-   ib-	      u ?
you non-hon    go    Future    2p sg non-hon
‘Will you go?’

[Ê dÞaÊ_Þ ?
tu 		    ʤ-   ib-	    u			ni ?
you non-hon    go    Future  2p sg non-hon 	neg
‘Won’t you go?’

Although the above given interrogative sentences ask the same question, they are likely to have different presuppositions, which is partially indicated by the glosses given.

However, some other examples of the question formation are given below for all the tenses in Oriya:

The examples given below are for the 2nd Person Singular Non-honorific.

Present

[Ê dÐD ?
tu 		   ʤ-   a:-	u
you non-hon   go    Pres 	2p sg non-hon  
‘Do you go?’

[Ê dÐD LÞ ?
tu 		    ʤ-	  a:	  u 			ki
you non-hon    go 	  Pres   2p sg non-hon 	question Particle
‘Do you go?’

[Ê dÐDRÊ ?
tu 		  ʤ-  a:-	u-		       tʃh-	u
you non-hon  go   Pres 	2p sg non-hon    Prog 	2p sg non-hon
‘Are you going?’

[Ê dÐDRÊ LÞ ?
tu 		   ʤ-  a:-	u-		      tʃh-    u 		         ki
you non-hon   go   Pres 	2p sg non-hon   Prog  2p sg non-hon question Particle
‘Are you going?’

[Ê dÐBRÊ ?

tu 		   ʤ-  a:-	i-			tʃh-	u
you non-hon   go   Pres 	2p sg non-hon 	Perf 	2p sg non-hon
‘Have you gone?’

[Ê dÐBRÊ LÞ ?
tu 		   ʤ-	a:-     i-		   tʃh-	  u-		      ki
you non-hon   go 	Pres  2p sg non-hon  Perf  2p sg non-hon Question Particle
‘Have you gone?’

Past

[Ê NmÊ ?
tu 		   gɔlu
you non-hon   go Past 1p sg non-hon
‘Did you go?’

[Ê NmÊ LÞ ?
tu 		   gɔlu 			ki
you non-hon   go Past 1p sg non-hon 	Question Particle
‘Did you go?’

[Ê dÐD\ÞmÊ ?
tu 		   ʤa:-    u-	     th-   	   il-      u
you non-hon   go        Prog   be (Aux)    Past   1p sg non-hon
‘Were you going?’

[Ê dÐD\ÞmÊ LÞ ?
tu 		   ʤa:-   u-	    th-	 il-	u 			ki
you non-hon   go 	    Prog  be    Past	1p sg non-hon 	Question Particle
‘Were you going?’

[Ê dÐB\ÞmÊ ?
tu 		   ʤa:-   i-		  th-    il-	u
you non-hon   go 	   Perfective   be    Past	1p sg non-hon
‘Had you gone?’

[Ê dÐB\ÞmÊ LÞ ?
tu 		   ʤa:-   i-		  th-    il-	 u-		      ki
you non-hon   go 	   Perfective   be    Past	1p sg non-hon   Question Particle
‘Had you gone?’

Perfect

The question formations in future tense has been given at the beginning of the Question formation part.

Now the examples for the 2nd Person Singular honorific (medium) and honorific

Present

[ÊÒc dÐ@?
tume 	ʤ-  a:-	ɔ
you 	go   Pres 	2p sg/pl 
‘Do you go?’

[ÊÒc dÐ@ LÞ?
tume  ʤ-  a:-      ɔ		ki
you 	go   Pres   2p sg/pl   Question Particle
‘Do you go?’

A`Z dÐA«Þ?
a:pɔɳɔ     ʤa:-  a:-	      nti
you hon   go      Pres   2p sg/pl hon
‘Do you go?’

A`Z dÐA«Þ LÞ?
a:pɔɳɔ      ʤa:-   a:-      nti 	 ki
you hon    go      Pres   2p sg/pl  Question Particle
‘Do you go?’

[ÊÒc dÐDR?
tume   ʤ-  a:-      u-	   tʃh-    ɔ
you     go   Pres   2p sg/pl   Prog   2p sg/pl 
‘Are you going?’

[ÊÒc dÐD@R?
tume   ʤ-  a:-      u-   	    ɔtʃh-	 ɔ
you 	 go   Pres   2p sg/pl    Prog 	 2p sg/pl
‘Are you going?’

[ÊÒc dÐBR?
tume    ʤa:-  i-		     tʃh-      ɔ
you      go      Pres 2p sg/pl   Perf     2p sg/pl
‘Have you gone?’

[ÊÒc dÐB@R?
tume    ʤa:-   iɔtʃhɔ
you      go Pres 2p sg/pl Perf 2p sg
‘Have you gone?’

[ÊÒc dÐBAjÞ@R?
tume   ʤa:-   ia:siɔtʃhɔ
*you   go 	 Pres 2p sg/pl Perf 2p sg
‘Have you been going?’

Past

[ÊÒc Nm?
tume gɔlɔ
you go Past 2p sg/pl
‘Did you go?’

A`Z NÒm? 
a:pɔɳɔ gɔle
you hon go Past 2p sg/pl
‘Did you go?’

[ÊÒc dÐD\Þm?
tume ʤa:uthilɔ
you mid-hon go Past Prog 2p sg/pl
‘Were you going?’

[Ê dÐD\ÞmÊ?
tu ʤa:uthilu
you non-hon go Past Prog 2p sg
‘Were you going?’

[Ê dÐB\ÞmÊ ?
tu ʤa:ithilu
you non-hon go Past Perf 2p sg
‘Had you gone?’

[ÊÒc dÐB\Þm?
tume ʤa:ithilɔ
you mid-hon go Past Perf 2p sg/pl
‘Had you gone?’

A`Z dÐB\ÞÒm?
a:pɔɳɔ ʤa:ithile
you hon go Past Perf 2p sg/pl
‘Had you gone?’

Future

[Ê dÞaÊ?
tu ʤibu
you non-hon go Future 2p sg non-hon
‘Will you go?’

[ÊÒc dÞa?
tume ʤibɔ
you mid-hon go Future 2p sg mid-hon
‘Will you go?’

A`Z dÞÒa?
a:pɔɳɔ ʤibe
you hon go Future 2p sg hon
‘Will you go?’

[ÊÒc dÐD\Þa ?
tume ʤa:uthibɔ
you mid-hon go Future Prog 2p sg/pl
‘Will you be going?’

[ÊÒc dÐB\Þa?
tume ʤa:ithibɔ
you mid-hon go Future Perf 2p sg/pl
‘Will you go?’

[ÊÒc dÐBjÐeÞ\Þa?
tume ʤa:isa:rithibɔ
you mid-hon go Future Perf 2p sg/pl
‘Will you have gone?’

Phrases (aÐLÔÐÕh) and Clauses (M¨aÐLÔ) in Oriya

A phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. Each phrase has a word called its head which links it to the rest of the sentence. Phrases may be classified by the type of head they take and in Oriya there are three types of phrase or aÐLÔÐÕh such as,

• Noun phrase (NP or aÞÒhiÔyÐ_ѯ aÐLÔÐhÕ) with a noun as head: the best student, a pen in the pocket, etc.
• Adjectival phrase (Adj. P or _ÐcaÞÒhiZѯ aÐLÔÐhÕ) with an adjective as head: a bag full of money
• Adverbial phrase (Adv. P. or LÍÞ¯ÐaÞÒhiZѯ aÐLÔÐhÕ) with adverb as head: very carefully)

Prepositional phrase (PP) has preposition as head (e.g. in love, over the rainbow). Languages that use postpositions instead have postpositional phrases. The two types are sometimes commonly referred to as adpositional phrases.

Verb phrase (VP) with a verb as head (e.g. eat cheese, jump up and down)

Vowel Cluster

Consonant Cluster

Contrastive Analysis

Nasalization

↝ Question Formation

Passive Construction

Compound Verbs and Causative Verbs

↝ Types of Adjectives

↝ Syntax

Compound Morphology and Types of Compound (jcÐj /sɔma:sɔ/)

There are six types of compounds in Oriya such as,

1. [[ç`ÊeÊi jcÐj or Determinative compound
2. Lcà^Ðe¯ jcÐj or Appositional compound
3. ]ÞéNÊ jcÐj or Numerative compound
4. ]été jcÐj or Copulative compound
5. @aÔ¯ÑbÐa jcÐj or Adverbial compound
6. akÊaÍÑkÞ jcÐj or Epithetized compound
7. ÒLam (jÊ`çjÊ`ç) jcÐj or Undissolvable compound (It exists in Sanskrit.)

Coordination and Subordination

Anaphora

Reflexives

Reciprocals

Equatives

Possession

Emphasis

Different types of Meaning such as etymology, synonyms, polysemy, homonyms, homophones, antonyms, euphemism

Phrase Structure of Oriya: NP, VP, Adj. P, Adv. P, Anaphora and Pronominal, Comparison Topic Marker and other particles

Politeness Expression

Greetings and Departure Terms

Proverbs and Idioms

Stress, Pitch, Length, Juncture

Compound Verbs and Causative Verbs

Compound Words (dÊNê hv) in Oriya

Contrastive Analysis

Homonyms, Homophones, and Homographs

Homonyms are words that have the same phonetic form (homophones) or orthographic form (homographs) but unrelated meaning. In derivation, homonym means the same name, homophone means the same sound, and homograph means the same letters.

A list of homonyms, homophonous and homographic words in Oriya are given below.

Topic Questions

These are questions where only the topic is retained and the rest is deleted. For example,

_ÐÜ? 		↝ na:ɱ	↝ ‘What is your name?’
dÞaÐ? 	↝ ʤiba:	↝ ‘Should/Shall we go?’
jaÊ WÞLç? 	↝ sɔbu ʈhik↝ ‘Is everything/it alright?’
LÞ LÐc?	↝ ki ka:mɔ	↝ ‘What kind of work do you have?’

Interjections

An interjection, sometimes called a filled pause, is a part of speech that usually has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence and simply expresses emotion on the part of the speaker, even when most interjections have clear definitions. Interjections are generally uninflected function words and have sometimes been seen as sentence-words since they can replace or be replaced by a whole sentence (they are holophrastic). Sometimes, however, interjections combine with other words to form sentences, but they don’t combine with finite verbs.

In Oriya, interjections are used when the speaker encounters events that cause these emotions - surprise, shock, pleasant surprise, pain, approval and disapproval, unexpectedly, painfully, surprisingly, disgust, God’s name, etc. For example, AÒe! /a:re/, AÒe aÐ`çÒe! /a:re ba:pre/, AÒmÐ ÒaÐ`ÐÒmÐ! /a:lo bopa:lo/, AÒmÐ cÐAÒmÐ! /a:lo ma:a:lo/, JÒkÐ! /oho/, bm! /b^hɔlɔ/, jÐaÐjç! /sa:ba:s/, Òk bNaÐ_ç! /he b^hɔgɔba:n/, Òk `ÍbÊ! /he prɔb^hu/, kÐ SN_ðÐ\! /ha: ʤɔgɔnna:t^hɔ/, RÞ! /tʃ^hi/, \Ê! /t^hu/, etc.

Conjunctions (jÕÒdÐSL @aÔ¯) in Oriya

There are three types of conjunctions in Oriya, namely

1. Coordinating Conjunction or [ÊmÔ[Ð `ÍLÐhL jÕÒdÐSL @aÔ¯

For ex, @aÐ and LÞcéÐ /ɔba:/ and /kimba:/ or, AD and c^Ô /a:u/ and /mɔd^hjɔ/ also, HaÕ and J /ebmɔ/ and /o/ and, LÐeZ and `ÐBÜ /ka:rɔɳɔ/ and /pa:iɱ/ for, LÞ«Ê and cÐ[Í /kintu/ and /ma:trɔ/ but, WÐeÊ ([Êf_ÐÒaÐ^L) /ʈ<sup>h</sup>a:ru/ than, Ò[Òa and [ÐkÐÒkÒm /tebe/ and /ta:ha:hele/ then, Ò[ZÊ /teɳu/ so/therefore/hence, [\Ð`Þ /tɔt^ha:pi/ nevertheless/still, [\ÐQ /tɔt^ha:tʃɔ/ yet, Ò_ÐkÞÒm /nohile/ else/otherwise, aÔ[Ñ[ /bjɔti:tɔ/ besides, ÒdÒk[Ê /ʤehetu/ as, dÐkÐÒkD /ʤa:ha:heu/ however, etc.

2. Subordinating Conjunction or @^Ñ_[Ð `ÍLÐhL jÕÒdÐSL @aÔ¯

For ex, ADc^Ô /a:umɔd^hjɔ/ as well, LÐÒf /ka:ɭe/ lest, LÐeZ and ÒdÒk[Ê /ka:rɔɳɔ/ and /ʤehetu/ because/since, _ÒkÒm and d]Þ_ÊÒkÜ /nɔhele/ and /ʤɔdinuheɱ/ unless, `ËÒaà /pu:rbe/ before, `Òe /pɔre/ after, d]Ô`Þ and ÒdÒa /ʤɔdjɔpi/ and /ʤebe/ if/in case, d]ÞQ /ʤɔditʃɔ/ though/although, Òd`dÔà« /ʤepɔrʤjɔntɔ/ until, ÒdÒ[ÒaÒf /ʤetebeɭe/ while, Òd /ʤe/ that, d]Þ kÊH /ʤɔdi hue/ provided, Òd`eÞLÞ /ʤepɔriki/ as if, etc.

3. Correlative Conjunction or `e¸e jcéujËQL jÕÒdÐSL @aÔ¯

For ex, DbÒ¯ /ub^hɔje/ both…and, LÞ..._ÐkÞÜ /ki…na:hiɱ/ whether…or/so…as, `eÞ /pɔri/ as…as, ÒLaf...ADc^Ô /kebɔɭɔ…a:umɔd<sup>h</sup>jɔ/ not only…but also, HÒ[...Òd /ete…ʤe/ so…that, @Ò`lÐ Lcç _ÊÒkÜ /ɔpekṣa: kɔm nuheɱ/ no less…than, ÒkD _ÒkDZÊ /heu nɔheuɳu/ no sooner…than, cÐ[ÍÒL /ma:trɔke/ as soon as, LÞcéÐ (@ªÞjËQL) /kimba:/ either…or, LÞcéÐ (_ЪÞjËQL) /kimba:/ neither…nor, aeÕ /bɔrɔm/ rather…than, ÒjbfÞ /seb^hɔɭi/ such…as, etc.

Compound Words (dÊNê hv)

In Oriya, some of the words are formed by the addition or compounding of two or more words. These are called the Compound Words or the /ʤugmɔ śɔbdɔ/. These compound words in Oriya can be classified into four types, such as,

• Words formed with almost equally meant words (`ÍЯ jcÐ_Ð\àL hv ÒdÐÒN NWÞ[ dÊNê hv) LÐfÞLmc /ka:ɭikɔlɔmɔ/, AhÐbejÐ /a:śa:b<sup>h</sup>ɔrɔsa:/, @_Ê_¯aÞ_¯ /ɔnunɔjɔbinɔjɔ/, \pÐ[ÐcjÐ /t<sup>h</sup>ɔʈʈa:ta:mɔsa:/, auÊaÐua /bɔnd<sup>h</sup>uba:nd<sup>h</sup>ɔbɔ/, ^_jÕ`[Þ /d^hɔnɔsɔmpɔti/, @±h± /ɔstrɔśɔstrɔ/, ]¯ÐcЯР/dɔja:ma:ja:/, $fcËf /p^hɔɭɔmu:ɭɔ/, akÞ`[Í /bɔhipɔtrɔ/, NRaól /gɔtʃ<sup>h</sup>ɔbrɨkṣɔ/, NR`[Í /gɔtʃ^hɔpɔtrɔ/, e=Y= /rɔŋgɔɖ^hɔŋgɔ/, QÐmÞQfZ /tʃa:litʃɔlɔɳɔ/, bÐVbÞLÐeÑ /b^ha:ʈɔb^hika:ri:/, ]ÊÓMÑe*Ñ /duk^hʔi:rɔŋki:/, V*Ð`BjÐ /ʈɔŋka:pɔisa:/, jÊ_ÐeË`Ð /suna:ru:pa:/, L\ÐaÐrÐà /kɔt^ha:ba:rtta:/, MÞA`ÞA /k<sup>h</sup>ia:pia:/, aÐVOÐV /ba:ʈɔg<sup>h</sup>a:ʈɔ/, _C_Ðf /nɔi:na:ɭɔ/, NRm[Ð /gɔtʃ<sup>h</sup>ɔlɔta:/, ]Ð_^cà /da:nɔd<sup>h</sup>ɔrmɔ/, LË@Ò`ÐMeÑ /ku:ɔpok^hɔri:/, _ÐAÜNÐAÜ /na:a:ɱga:a:ɱ/, _ÞAÜ^ÊAÜ /nia:ɱd^hua:ɱ/, Ò]MÐQÐkÐÜ /dek^ha:tʃa:ha:ɱ/, ÒRÐVÐÒLÕ`Ð /tʃ<sup>h</sup>oʈa:kempa:/, mÞ`ÐÒ`ÐRÐ /lipa:potʃ<sup>h</sup>a:/, ^Ð_QÐDf /d<sup>h</sup>a:nɔtʃa:uɭɔ/, cÐVÞÒNÐXÏÞ /ma:ʈigoṛi/, aÊwÞhÊwÞ /budd<sup>h</sup>iśudd<sup>h</sup>i/, aÐVkÐV /ba:ʈɔha:ʈɔ/, aÞmaÐXÏÞ /bilɔba:ṛi/, kÐ[ÑÒOÐXÏÐ /ha:ti:g<sup>h</sup>oṛa:/, [LàaÞ[Là /tɔrkɔbitɔrkɔ/, Ò`Ð\Þ`[Í /pot<sup>h</sup>ipɔtrɔ/, ^_Ò]ßÐm[ /d<sup>h</sup>ɔnɔdɔulɔtɔ/, cDScSmÞj /mɔuʤɔmɔʤɔlisɔ/, LÐfLÍc /ka:ɭɔkrɔmɔ/, ]Þ@ÜÒ]a[Ð /diɔɱdebɔta:/, cÐe`ÞV /ma:rɔpiʈɔ/, ÒOÐXÏÐNÐXÏÞ /g^hoṛa:ga:ṛi/, hÊAjÐeÑ /śua:sa:ri:/, ÒjaÐhÊhÍËiÐ /seba:śuśruṣa:/, kÐVaSÐe /ha:ʈɔbɔʤa:rɔ/, jÐB`XÏÞhÐ /sa:ipɔṛiṣa:/, hЫhÞ½ /śa:ntɔśiṣʈɔ/, mÐf_`Ðf_ /la:ɭɔnɔpa:ɭɔnɔ/, aÐ^ÐaÞOð /ba:d^ha:big^hnɔ/, LXÏÐLÍÐ«Þ /kɔṛa:kra:nti/, SÑÀàhÑÀà /ʤi:rɳɔśi:rɳɔ/, eÑ[Þ_Ñ[Þ /ri:tini:ti/, ]¯Ð]ÐlÞZÔ /dɔja:da:kṣiɳjɔ/, SÑaS«Ê /ʤi:bɔʤɔntu/, hÞlÐ]ÑlÐ /śikṣa:di:kṣa:/, dÐ_aÐk_ /ʤa:nɔba:hɔnɔ/, @_ða± /annɔbɔstrɔ/, c[ÞN[Þ /mɔtigɔti/, LfÞLSÞA /kɔɭikɔʤia:/, AÒcÐ]`ÍÒcÐ] /a:modɔprɔmodɔ/, kó½`ʽ /hrɨṣʈɔpuṣʈɔ/, etc.
• Words formed with opposite meaning (`e¸e aÞ`eÑ[Ð\àÒaÐ^L hv ÒdÐÒN NWÞ[ dÊNê hv) kÐ_ÞmÐb /ha:nila:b^hɔ/, bmct /b^hɔlɔmɔndɔ/, mÐbl[Þ /la:b^hɔkṣti/, dÐAj /ʤa:a:sɔ/, ]ÞA_ÞA /dia:nia:/, MÐmYÞ` /k<sup>h</sup>a:lɔɖ<sup>h</sup>ipɔ/, j[cÞR /sɔtɔmitʃ<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, ajÐDWÐ /bɔsa:uʈ<sup>h</sup>a:/, Ò]ZÒ_Z /deɳɔneɳɔ/, AN`R /a:gɔpɔtʃ^hɔ/, MeÐaeiÐ /k^hɔra:bɔrɔṣa:/, ]ÊÓMjÊM /duʔk^hɔsuk^hɔ/, ]Þ_eÐ[Þ /dinɔra:ti/, `Ð``ÊZÔ /pa:pɔpuɳjɔ/, aÞLÐLÞZÐ /bika:kiɳa:/, cÐ_@`cÐ_ /ma:nɔɔpɔma:nɔ/, ALÐh`Ð[Ðf /a:ka:śɔpa:ta:ɭɔ/, A]Ð_`Í]Ð_ /a:da:nɔprɔda:nɔ/, SÑa_ceZ /ʤi:bɔnɔmɔrɔɳɔ/, eÐSÐ`ÍSÐ /ra:ʤa:prɔʤa:/, kÞ[ÐkÞ[ /hita:hitɔ/, bÞ[eaÐkÐe /b<sup>h</sup>itɔrɔba:ha:rɔ/, ^cÐà^cà /d<sup>h</sup>ɔrma:d<sup>h</sup>ɔrmɔ/, mÐbÐmÐb /la:b<sup>h</sup>a:la:b<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, hÊbÐhÊb /śub<sup>h</sup>a:śub<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, ]ÞiNÊZ /diṣɔguɳɔ/, etc.
• Words formed with the addition of a meaningful and a meaningless word (_Þe\àL hv ÒdÐÒN dÊNê hv) `_Þ`eÞaÐ /pɔnipɔriba:/, aÐj_LÊj_ /ba:sɔnɔkusɔnɔ/, aÐEfÐQÐDfÐ /ba:u:ɭa:tʃa:uɭa:/, @]fa]f /ɔdɔɭɔbɔdɔɭɔ/, LeSaÐeS /kɔrɔʤɔba:rɔʤɔ/, `ÞmÐTÞmÐ /pila:ʤ^hila:/, `ÐWhÐW /pa:ʈ<sup>h</sup>ɔśa:ʈ<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, `ÞmÐ`ÞmÞ /pila:pili/, N`j` /gɔpɔsɔpɔ/, NÁjÁ /gɔɭpɔsɔɭpɔ/, LtÐLVÐ /kɔnda:kɔʈa:/, cjmÐcjmÞ /mɔsɔla:mɔsɔli/, LÐc]Ðc /ka:mɔda:mɔ/, Oe$e /g<sup>h</sup>ɔrɔp<sup>h</sup>ɔrɔ/, mÊNÐ$ÊNÐ /luga:p<sup>h</sup>uga:/, @uÞjuÞ /ɔnd<sup>h</sup>isɔnd<sup>h</sup>i/, etc.
• Words formed with the addition of a Verbal Noun and a nonfinite verb from the same root (`e¸e HL SÐ[ѯ LÍÞ¯ÐÒe aÔÐ`ó[\ÞaÐ @\àÒe HL ^Ð[ÊeÊ D`ú_ðLÍÞ¯ÐaÐQL aÞÒhiÔ J @jcÐ`ÞLÐ LÍޯРÒdÐÒN NWÞ[ dÊNê hv (aÔ[ÞkÐe)) ^eÐ^eÞ /d<sup>h</sup>ɔra:d<sup>h</sup>ɔri/, ceÐceÞ /mɔra:mɔri/, MÊAÒMÐB /k<sup>h</sup>ua:k<sup>h</sup>ui/, Ò]MÐÒ]MÞ /dek<sup>h</sup>a:dek<sup>h</sup>i/, ]ÞAÒ]B /dia:dei/, NYÏÐNYÏÞ /gɔɖ<sup>h</sup>a:gɔɖ<sup>h</sup>i/, kZÐkZÞ /hɔɳa:hɔɳi/, Ò`ÐRÐÒ`ÐRÞ /potʃ<sup>h</sup>a:potʃ<sup>h</sup>i/, hÊAÒhÐB /śua:śui/, `ÞVÐ`ÞVÞ /piʈa:piʈi/, OiÐOiÞ /g<sup>h</sup>ɔṣa:g<sup>h</sup>ɔṣi/, jSXÏÐjSXÏÞ /sɔʤɔṛa:sɔʤɔṛi/, ^ÊAÒ^ÐB /d<sup>h</sup>ua:d<sup>h</sup>ui/, aÃÐaÃÞ /bɔɳʈa:bɔɳʈi/, eMÐeMÞ /rɔk<sup>h</sup>a:rɔk<sup>h</sup>i/, \ÊAÒ\ÐB /t<sup>h</sup>ua:t<sup>h</sup>ui/, Ò`mÐÒ`mÞ /pela:peli:/, ÒW=ÐÒW=Þ /ʈ^heŋga:ʈ^heŋgi/, LÊkÐLÊkÞ /kuha:kuhi/, etc.

Repetitive Words in Oriya

cÊÜ OÒe OÒe LkÞ AjÞRÞ Ð
muɱ ghɔre ghɔre kɔhi a:sitʃhi
‘I have told in each and every house’.

[Ð*Ê LÐÒ_ LÐÒ_ LkÞa Ð
ta:ŋku ka:ne ka:ne kɔhibɔ
‘Told him/her with special attention’.

NÍÐÒc NÍÐÒc kBSÐ mÐNÞRÞ Ð
gra:me gra:me hɔiʤa: la:gitʃhi
‘Diarrhea has spread in all the villages’.  

ASÞ ]Þ_VÐ ÒMfÒe ÒMfÒe NmÐ Ð
a:ʤi dinɔʈa: kheɭɔre kheɭɔre gɔla:
‘The whole day was spent in the game’.

cÊÜ aÐÒV aÐÒV AjÊRÞ Ð
muɱ ba:ʈe ba:ʈe a:sutʃhi
‘I am coming directly’.

jÞ^Ð jÞ^Ð OeLÊ QÐmÞdÐ@ Ð
sidha: sidha: ghɔrɔku tʃa:liʤa:ɔ
‘Go straight to the home’.

Ò]Òh Ò]Òh [Ð*e MÔÐ[Þ @RÞ Ð
deśe deśe ta:ŋkɔrɔ khja:ti ɔtʃhi
‘She/He is famous in each and every country’.

ÒdÒ[ aXÏ aXÏ NR bÐ=Þ `XÏÞmÐ Ð
ʤete bɔṛɔ bɔṛɔ gɔtʃhɔ bha:ŋgi pɔṛila:
‘All the big trees were broken’.

HkÐe bËeÞbËeÞ `ÍcÐZ @RÞ Ð
eha:ra bhuribhuri prɔma:ɳɔ ɔtʃhi
‘It has a solid/firm witness’.

cÊÜ aÐkÐÒe aÐkÐÒe AjÞmÞ Ð
muɱ ba:ha:re ba:ha:re a:sili
‘I came outwardly. / I came without going inside’.

Òj kÐÒ[ kÐÒ[ $f `ÐBmÐ Ð
se ha:te ha:te phɔɭɔ pa:ila:
‘She/He got the result soon’.

Òj AÒ` AÒ` V*Ð jÊTÞa Ð
se a:pe a:pe ʈɔŋka: suʤhibɔ
‘She/He will gradually repay the money’.

Ò]kVÐ Se Se mÐNÊRÞ Ð
dehɔʈa: ʤɔrɔ ʤɔrɔ la:gutʃhi
‘I feel fever’.

WÞLç WÞLç ]e Lk Ð
ʈhik ʈhik dɔrɔ kɔhɔ
‘Tell the price exactly’.

Òj cÊÒkÜcÊÒkÜ bÐNa[ ÒaÐmÞNmÐ Ð
se muɱmuɱ bha:gɔbɔtɔ boligɔla:
‘She/He recited the Bhagabata’. 

[ÐLÊ eÐ[Þ eÐ[Þ AjÞaÐLÊ LkÞaÞ Ð
ta:ku ra:ti ra:ti a:siba:ku kɔhibi
‘I shall tell him/her to come by night’.

cÊÜ cÊWÐ cÊWÐ V*Ð MeQ LmÞZÞ Ð
muɱ muʈha: muʈha: ʈɔŋka: khɔrɔtʃɔ kɔliɳi
‘I have spent a lot of money’.

ÒjcÐÒ_ Ò`ÒV Ò`ÒV MÐBÒm Ð
sema:ne peʈe peʈe kha:ile 
‘They ate much’.

cÊkÜ QÞkðÐQÞkðÐ SZÐ`XÏÊRÞ Ð
muɱ tʃihna:tʃihna: ʤɔɳa:pɔɖutʃhi
‘She/He seems to be known.’

cÊÜ AjÊ AjÊ ÒXeÞ ÒkÐBNmÐ Ð
muɱ a:su a:su ɖeri hoigɔla:
‘It was late when I came.’

aÐ`Ð ÒLÒ[ _ËA _ËA akÞ AZÞR«Þ Ð
ba:pa: kete nu:a:nu:a: bɔhi a:ɳitʃhɔnti
‘Father has brought many new books.’

HAÒXÏ VÞLÞH VÞLÞH AjÊ\Þa Ð
ea:ṛe ʈikie ʈikie a:suthibɔ
‘Do come here sometimes.’

ÒcÐÒ[ Ò[Ð aÞQÐeVÐ Sf Sf ]ÞhÊRÞ Ð
mote to bitʃa:rɔʈa: ʤɔɭɔ ʤɔɭɔ diśutʃhi
‘I can see your decision clearly.’

`lÑcÐÒ_ ]f ]f ÒkÐB DXÊR«Þ Ð
pɔkṣi:ma:ne dɔɭɔ hoi uɖutʃhɔnti
‘Birds are flying in flocks.’

Idioms (eÊYÏÞ `ÍÒ¯ÐN) in Oriya

1. Idiomatic use of Oriya Verbs

The Oriya verbs which are used in the idioms are given below. (LÍÞ¯Ðe eËYÏÞ `ÍÒ¯ÐN)

An Idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning that cannot be guessed from the combination of actual words used. Idioms in Oriya can be categorized into three types from the point of view of the word or words explaining different meanings in different semantic fields. They are given below.

^eç ↝ dhɔr ↝
ajç ↝ bɔs ↝
bÐ=ç ↝ bha:ŋg ↝
auç ↝ bɔnd ↝
cÐeç ↝ ma:r ↝
mÐNç ↝ la:g ↝
LÐVç ↝ ka:ʈ ↝
QÐmç ↝ tʃa:l↝
Qfç ↝ tʃɔɭ↝
Ò]Mç ↝ dekh↝
Ò] ↝ de ↝
eMç ↝ rkh↝
Leç ↝ kɔr ↝
`XÏç ↝ pɔṛ↝
ekç ↝ rɔh ↝
cÐXÏç ↝ ma:ṛ↝
MÐ ↝ kha: ↝
`Ð ↝ pa: ↝
DWç ↝ uʈh↝
DXÏÐ ↝ uṛa: ↝

E. Lexicon

Proverbs in Oriya (`ÍaQ_)

1)	@[Þ ÒmÐÒb hóNÐf cÒe
ɔti lobhe śrɨga:ɭɔ mɔre
‘All covet, all lost.’
2)	@[Þ ÒmcéÊ QÞ`ÊXÏÞÒm `Þ[Ð
ɔti lembu tʃipuṛile pita:
‘Too much of anything is bad.’
3)	@Á aÞ]ÔÐ b¯*eÑ
ɔɭpɔ bidja: bhɔjɔŋkɔri:
‘A little learning is a dangerous thing.’
4)	@[Þ`eÞQÒ¯ ÒNßÐea _½
ɔtipɔritʃɔje gɔurɔbɔ nɔṣʈɔ
‘Too much familiarity breeds contempt.’
5)	@[Þ]Ò`à k[ m*Ð
ɔtidɔrpe hɔtɔ lɔŋka:
‘Pride goeth, before a fall.’
6)	@yÞe aÔ¦Þ jÕ`] LeÞ`ÐÒe _ÐkÞÜ
ɔsthirɔ bjɔkti sɔmpɔdɔ kɔripa:re nahiɱ
‘A rolling stone gathers no mass.’
7)	@jc¯e auÊkÞÜ `ÍLó[ auÊ
ɔsɔmɔjɔrɔ bɔndhuhiɱ prɔkrɨtɔ bɔndhu
‘A friend in need is a friend indeed.’
8)	@[Þ b¦Þ ÒQÐee mlZ
ɔti bhɔkti tʃorɔrɔ lɔkṣɔɳɔ
‘Too much courtesy too much craft.’
9)	@LcÐà ÒdÒZ dÐH, @`ÐfL Ò[ÒZ ^ÐHÜ
ɔkɔrma: ʤeɳe ʤa:e ɔpa:ɭ ɔkɔ teɳe dha:eɱ
‘Fortune forsakes the idle.’
10)	AMÞeÊ NÒm c_eÊ dÐH
a:khiru gɔle mɔnɔru ʤa:e
‘Out of sight, out of mind.’
11)	A¯ Ò]MÞ aÔ¯ Le
a:jɔ dekhi bjɔjɔ kɔrɔ
‘Cut your coat according to your cloth.’
12)	A[ÊÒe _Þ¯c _ЪÞ
a:ture nijɔmɔ na:sti
‘Necessity knows no law.’
13)	AfjÔ jcª `Ð`e cËf
a:ɭɔsjɔ sɔmɔstɔ pa:pɔrɔ mu:ɭɔ
‘An idle mind is the devil’s workshop.’
14)	BoÐ \ÞÒm D`Я @RÞ
itʃtʃha: thile upa:jɔ ɔtʃhi
‘Where there is a will, there is a way.’
15)	DXÏÐ L\ÐÒe ÒNÐXÏ _\ÐH
uṛa: kɔtha:re goṛɔ nɔtha:e
‘Rumour has no leg.’
16)	HL kÐ[Òe [ÐfÞ aÐÒS _ÐkÞÜ
ekɔ ha:tɔre ta:ɭi ba:ʤe na:hiɱ
‘It needs two to make a quarrel.’
17)	HLÐ cÐOÒL hÑ[ dÐH _ÐkÞÜ
eka: ma:ghke śitɔ ʤa:e na:hiɱ
‘One slip does not end misery.’
18)	HL[Ð kÞÜ af
ekɔta: hiɱ bɔɭɔ
‘United we stand, divided we fal’.
19)	LÃÒLÒ_ßa LÃLÕ
kɔɳʈɔkenɔibɔ kɔɳʈɔkɔm
‘Set a thief to catch a thief’.
20)	LÊVÞ _dÐZÞ YÞ*Þ Ò]Ði
kuʈi nɔʤa:ɳi rhiŋki doṣɔ
‘A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools.’
21)	LVÐ OÐ'Òe QË_ Ò]aÐ
kɔʈa: gha:re tʃunɔ deba:
‘Too add fuel to the fire.’
22)	L½ _ LÒm Ló» cÞÒf_Þ / L½ LÒm Ló» cÞÒf
kɔṣʈɔ nɔ kɔle krɨṣɳɔ miɭeni / kɔṣʈɔ kɔle krɨṣɳɔ miɭe
‘No pain, no gain.’
23)	L`Ðf mÞM_ ÒL LeÞa A_
kɔpa:ɭɔ likhɔnɔ ke kɔribɔ a:nɔ
‘What is lotted cannot be blotted.’
24)	LÐkÐe `ÊicÐj, LÐkÐe jaà_Ðh
ka:ha:rɔ puṣɔma:sɔ, ka:ha:rɔ sɔrbɔna:śɔ
‘Some have the hap, some stick in the gap.’
25)	NÊZÞ QÞÒkð NÊZÞA
guɳi tʃihne guɳia:
‘Merit recognizes merit’
26)	ÒNÐeÊ cÐeÞ ÒSÐ[Ð ]Ð_
goru ma:ri ʤota: da:nɔ
‘To rob Peter to pay Paul.’
27)	N[jÔ ÒjÐQ_Ð _ЪÞ
gɔtɔsjɔ sotʃɔna: na:sti
‘Let bygones be bygones’.
28)	NeSÞmÐ ÒcO aeÒi _ÐkÞÜ
gɔrɔʤila: meghɔ bɔrɔṣe nahiɱ
‘Empty vessel sounds much’.
29)	sÐ_ kÞÜ af
ʤɳa:nɔ hiɱ bɔɭɔ
‘Knowledge is power’.
30)	OÊiÊeÑLÊ `ÐQÞmÐ L]fÑ
ghuṣuri:ku pa:tʃila: kɔdɔɭi:
‘Cast pearls before a swine’.
31)	QÐmÊZÞ LÒk RÊqÞLÊ Ò[Ð'WÐÒe ÒNÐVÞH LZÐ
tʃa:luɭɳi kɔhe tʃhuntʃiku to’ʈha:re goʈie kɔɳa:
‘The pot calls the kettle black’.
32)	ÒQÐe NÒm aÊwÞ AÒj
tʃorɔ gɔle buddhi a:se
‘After death comes the doctor’.
33)	ÒQÐe c_ ÒQÐeNÞÒe
tʃorɔmɔnɔtʃorɔgɔɳʈhire
‘A guilty mind is always suspicious’.
34)	QÞkðÐ aÍÐkêZe `B[Ð ]eLÐe _ÐkÞÜ
tʃihna: bra:hmɔɳɔrɔ pɔita: dɔrɔka:rɔ nahiɱ
‘A good wine needs no push’.
35)	ÒdÐeç dÐeç cËmL [Ðeç
ʤor ʤa:r mu:lɔkɔ ta:r
‘Survival of the fittest. Might is right’.
36)	ÒVLÐVÞH `LÐBÒm `\eVÞH \ÊA
ʈeka:ʈie pɔka:ile pɔʈhɔrɔʈie thua:
‘Ill will rebound itself’.
37)	YÞ*Þ jéNàLÊ NÒm aÞ ^Ð_ LÊVÞa
rhiŋki swɔrgɔku gɔle bi dha:nɔ kuʈibɔ
‘Habit is the second nature’.
38)	[ÞfLÊ [Ðf LeÞaÐ
tiɭɔku ta:ɭɔ kɔriba:
‘To make a mountain of a mole-hill’.
39)	[ÊfjÑ ]ÊB`[ÍeÊ aÐÒj
tuɭɔsi: duipɔtrɔru ba:se
‘Morning shows the day’.
40)	Ò[mÞA cʨÒe Ò[m
telia: muɳɖɔre telɔ
‘To carry coal to Newcastle’.
41)	]Ñ`[f @uÐe
di:pɔ tɔɭɔ ɔndha:rɔ
‘Nearest the church farthest from heaven’.
42)	]ËeLÊ `aà[ jÊte
du:rɔku pɔrbɔtɔ sundɔrɔ
‘Blue are the hills that are far from us’.
43)	Ò]hÒL $Ð* _CÒL aÐ*
deśɔke pha:ŋkɔ nɔi:ke ba:ŋkɔ
‘Customs vary from country to country’.
44)	]ÊÓM `Òe jÊM AÒj
duʔkhɔ pɔre sukhɔ a:se
‘After clouds comes fair weather’.
45)	^Ñe `ÐZÞ `\e LÐÒV
dhi:rɔ pa:ɳi pɔthɔrɔ ka:ʈe
‘Slow and steady wins the race’.
46)	_ Q Ò]ßaÐ[ç `eÕ afÕ
nɔtʃɔ dɔiba:t pɔrɔṃ bɔɭɔṃ
‘Nothing is mighty like fate’.
47)	_ ÒkaÐ @Ò`lÐ aÞfcé bm
nɔ heba: ɔpekṣa: biɭɔmbɔ bhɔlɔ
‘Better late than never’.
48)	_ÐQÞ _ SÐZÞ bËBÜe Ò]Ði
na:tʃi nɔ ʤa:ɳi bhu:iɱrɔ doṣɔ
‘A bad workman quarrels with his tools’.
49)	_ÐkÞÜ cÐcÊÜWÐeÊ LZÐ cÐcÊÜ bm
na:hiɱ ma:muɱʈha:ru kɔɳa: ma:muɱ bhɔlɔ
‘Something is better than nothing’.
50)	_ÞS ]kÞLÊ ÒLkÞ MVÐ LÒk _ÐkÞÜ
niʤɔ dɔhiku kehi khɔʈa: kɔhe na:hiɱ
‘Everyone thinks his own geese swan’.
51)	Ò_mÐÒafLÊ AN, Ò]mÐÒafLÊ aÐO
nela:beɭɔku a:gɔ, dela:beɭɔku ba:ghɔ
‘Sweet is wine, but sour is the payment’.
52)	`qcÊÒM _ÐeЯZ
pɔntʃɔmukhe na:ra:jɔɳɔ
‘Voice of the people, is the voice of God’.
53)	`eÞhÍc kÞÜ ÒjßÐbÐNÔe cËf
pɔriśrɔmɔ hiɱ sɔubha:gjɔrɔ mu:ɭ ɔ
‘Dilligence is the mother of fortune’.
54)	`eÞZÐc bm [ jaÊ bm
pɔriɳa:mɔ bhɔlɔ tɔ sɔbu bhɔlɔ
‘All is well that ends well’.
55)	`Ð` ^_ `ÍЯ¾ÞrÒe dÐH
pa:pɔ dhɔnɔ pra:jɔśtʃittɔre ʤa:e
‘Ill got ill spent’.
56)	`ÐZÞ `ÞBa RÐZÞ `BjÐ Ò_a NZÞ
pa:ɳi piibɔ tʃha:ɳi pɔisa: nebɔ gɔɳi
‘Prevention is better than cure’.
57)	`ÐZÞÒe aÐj LeÞ LÊc÷Ñe jÒ= aÐ]
pa:ɳire ba:sɔ kɔri kumbhirɔ sɔŋge ba:dɔ
‘To live in Rome and strife with Pope’.
58)	`ÍLó[Þ Ò_ßacÊQÔÒ[
prɔkrɨti nɔibɔmutʃjɔte
‘Black will take no other hue’.
59)	aÐO OÒe cÞeÞN _ÐV
ba:ghɔ ghɔre mirigɔ na:ʈɔ
‘When the cat is away, the mice play’.
60)	aÐkÐOeÒaÒf aÐBNZ eÊA
ba:ha:ghɔrɔbeɭe ba:igɔɳɔ rua:
‘To sow seeds at the time of harvest’.
61)	aÞiLÊc÷Õ `Ò¯ÐcÊMÕ
biṣɔkumbhṃɔ pɔjomukhɔṃ
‘A serpent under the flower’.
62)	aÞtÊ aÞtÊ `ÐZÞÒe jcÊ]Í NWÞ[
bindu bindu pa:ɳire sɔmudrɔ gɔʈhitɔ
‘Little drops of water make the mighty ocean. / Many a little makes a mickle.’
63)	aÞfÒcéLÐdÔà jÞwÞ
biɭɔmbeka:rjɔ siddhi
‘All things come to him who waits’.
64)	aÐkÐe QÞ£Z bÞ[e Ò`ÐmÐ
ba:ha:rɔ tʃikkɔɳɔ bhitɔrɔ pola:
‘All that glitters is not gold’.
65)	aÞ`] L]Ð`Þ HLÐ AÒj_Þ
bipɔdɔ kɔda:pi eka: a:seni
‘Misfortune never comes alone’.
66)	akÊ ÒmÐLÒe cËiÐ cÒe _ÐkÞÜ
bɔhu lokɔre mu:ṣa: mɔre nahiɱ
‘Too many cooks spoil the broth’.
67)	akéÐeÒc÷ mOÊ LÍÞ¯Ð
bɔhwa:rɔmbhe lɔghu krija:
‘Much ado about nothing’.
68)	bÊLÞmÐ LÊLÊe LÐcÊÒXÏ _ÐkÞÜ
bhukila: kukurɔ ka:muɖe nahiɱ
‘’A barking dog seldom bites’.
69)	cÞWÐ L\ÐÒe Ò`V `ËÒe _ÐkÞÜ
miʈha:kɔtha:re peʈɔ pu:re nahiɱ
‘Sweet words butter no parsnips’.
70)	ÒcßÐ_Õ j®[Þ mlZÕ
mɔunɔṃ sɔmmɔti lɔkṣɔɳɔṃ
‘Silence gives consent’.
71)	ckeNeÊ dÐB LЫÐeÒe `XÏÞaÐ
mɔhɔrɔgɔru ʤa:i ka:nta:rɔre pɔṛiba:
‘Out of the frying pan into the fire’.
72)	Òd Ò]Òh dÐB Òj $f MÐB
ʤe deśe ʤa:i se phɔɭɔ kha:i
‘When in Rome do as the Romans do’
73)	ÒdcÞ[Þ NÊeÊ ÒjcÞ[Þ hÞiÔ
ʤemiti guru semiti śiṣjɔ
‘Like father, like son’.
74)	e\ Ò]MÐ L]fÑ aÞLÐ
rɔthɔ dekha: kɔdɔɭi: bika:
‘To kill two birds with one stone’.
75)	eÒM keÞ cÐÒe LÞH
rɔkhe hɔri ma:re kie
‘What God wills no frost can kill’.
76)	ÒmMÊ ÒmMÊ LeZ
lekhu lekhu kɔrɔɳɔ
‘Practice makes a man perfect’.
77)	ÒmÐL WÞLÞÒm hÞÒM
lokɔ ʈhikile śike
‘Experience teaches better than wisdom’.
78)	hÊÞe jÐlÑ cÐ[Ðm
śuɳɖhirɔ sa:kṣi: ma:ta:lɔ
‘Birds of same feather flock together’.
79)	ÒhÐBmÐ `Ê@e bÐN _ÐkÞÜ
śoila: puɔrɔ bha:gɔ na:hiɱ
‘A sleeping lion catches no deer’.
80)	jÕ`]ÒaÒf jÒaà jMÐ
sɔṃpɔdɔbeɭe sɔrbe sɔkha:
‘A full purse never lacks friends’.
81)	jaçSÐ_ç[Ð ÒmÐL ÒLDÜ aÞi¯Òe VÐZÊA _ÊÒkÜ
sɔbʤa:nta: lokɔ keuɱ biṣɔjɔre ʈa:ɳua: nuheɱ
‘Jack of all trades master of none’.
82)	±Ñ aÊwÞ `Íf¯*ÐeÑ
stri: buddhi prɔɭɔjɔŋka:ri:
‘A woman’s advice leads to unhappy result’.
83)	kÐ[Ñ NfÞdÐH `ÞÕ`ÊXÏÞ NÒf _ÐkÞÜ
ha:ti: gɔɭiʤa:e piŋpuṛi gɔɭe nahiɱ
‘Penny wise, pound foolish’.
84)	kÐÒ[ cÐ`Þ QÐMÒ¨ QÐm
ha:te ma:pi tʃa:khɔɳɖe tʃa:lɔ
‘Look before you leap’.

Pairs of Words (jÒcÐnÐeÞ[ hv jcËk)

1. 	come in		↝ `ÍÒah LeÞaÐ /prɔbeśɔ kɔriba:/
income		↝ A¯ /a:jɔ/

2. 	come out		↝ aÐkÐeLÊ AjÞaÐ /ba:ha:rɔku a:siba:/
outcome		↝ $fÐ$f /phɔɭa:phɔɭɔ/

3. 	cry out		↝ DnjéeÒe LkÞaÐ /utʃtʃɔswɔrɔre kɔhiba:/
outcry			↝ QÞLúÐe, Arà_Ð] /tʃitka:rɔ/, /a:rttɔna:dɔ/

4. 	cast out		↝ akÞbËà[ ÒkaÐ /bɔhirbhutɔ heba:/
outcast		↝ SÐ[ÞeÊ akÞ´ó[/ʤa:tiru bɔhiṣkrɨtɔ/

5. 	fall down		↝ [Òf `XÏÞaÐ /tɔɭe pɔṛiba:/
downfall		↝ `[_ /pɔtɔnɔ/

6. 	hold up		↝ Ò[ÐfÞ/ÒVLÞ ^eÞaÐ [toɭi / ʈeki dhɔriba:]
uphold		↝ aSЯ eMÞaÐ /bɔʤa:jɔ rɔkhiba:/

7. 	lay out		↝ V*Ð mNÐBaÐ /ʈɔŋka: lɔga:iba:/
outlay			↝ Mnà /khɔrtʃtʃɔ/

8. 	keep up		↝ aSЯ eMÞaÐ, SÐeÞ eMÞaÐ, QÐmÊ eMÞaÐ
[bɔʤa:jɔ rɔkhiba: / ʤa:ri rɔkhiba: / tʃa:lu rɔkhiba:]
upkeep		↝ elZÐÒalZ /rɔkṣɔɳa:bekṣɔɳɔ/

9. 	look out		↝ @_ÊjuÐ_ LeÞaÐ /ɔnusɔndha:nɔ kɔriba:/
outlook		↝ ]ó½Þb=Ñ /drɨṣʈibhɔŋgi:/

10. 	look over		↝ [_ð [_ð LeÞ Ò]MÞaÐ
   /tɔnnɔ tɔnnɔ kɔri dekhiba:/
overlook		↝ DÒ`lÐ LeÞaÐ /upekṣa: kɔriba:/

11. 	put out		↝ mÞbÐBaÐ /libha:iba:/
output			↝ D`úÐ]_ /utpa:dɔnɔ/

12. 	run out		↝ jeÞdÞaÐ /sɔriʤiba:/
outrun		↝ V`ÞdÞaÐ /ʈɔpiʤiba:/

13. 	rule over		↝ hÐj_ LeÞaÐ /śa:sɔnɔ kɔriba:/
overrule		↝ `Í[ÔÐMÔÐ_ LeÞaÐ /prɔtja:khja:nɔ kɔriba:/

14. 	set out		↝ dÐ[ÍÐ LeÞaÐ /ʤa:tra: kɔriba:/
outset			↝ Aec÷ /a:rɔmbhɔ/

15. 	stand with		↝ j=[ ÒkaÐ /sɔŋgɔtɔ heba:/
withstand		↝ `Í[ÞÒeÐ^ LeÞaÐ /prɔtirodhɔ kɔriba:/

16. 	set up			↝ yÐ`_ LeÞaÐ /stha:pɔnɔ kɔriba:/
upset			↝ JmVÐB Ò]aÐ /olɔʈa:i deba:/

17. 	take over		↝ NÍkZ LeÞaÐ /grɔhɔɳɔ kɔriba:/
overtake		↝ ^eÞaÐ /dhɔriba:/

18. 	turn out		↝ aÐkÐe LeÞaÐ /ba:ha:rɔ kɔriba:/
out-turn		↝ D`úÐ]_ /utpa:dɔnɔ/

Some of the Basic Phrases in Oriya

1. Greetings

Welcome			↝ jéÐN[c Ð /swa:gɔtɔm/
My name is	Ram.		↝ ÒcÐe _Ðc eÐc Ð /morɔ na:mɔ ra:mɔ/
What is your name?	↝ A`Z* _Ðc L'Z? /a:pɔɳɔŋkɔ na:mɔ kɔ’ɳɔ/
How are you?		↝ [ÊÒc ÒLcÞ[Þ @R? /tume kemiti ɔtʃhɔ/
Thank you.			↝ ^_ÔaÐ] Ð /dhɔnjɔba:dɔ/
Yes.				↝ kÜ /hɔɱ/
No.				↝ _ÐÜ /na:ɱ/
Hello				↝ hÊZÞÒa /śuɳibe/
Good Morning		↝ jÊ`ÍbÐ[ /suprɔbha:tɔ/
Good Evening 		↝ jÊbjuÔÐ /subhɔsɔndhja:/
Good Night			↝ jÊbeÐ[ÍÞ /subhɔra:tri/
Good Bye			↝ jÊaÞ]Я /subida:jɔ/
Sorry 				↝ cÊÜ ]ÊÓMÞ[ /muɱ duʔkhitɔ/

2. Useful Words and Phrases

I know Oriya.		↝ cÊÜ JXÏÞA SÐÒZ Ð /muɱ oṛia: ʤa:ɳe/
I do not know Oriya.	↝ cÊÜ JXÏÞA SÐÒZ _ÐkÞÜ Ð/muɱ oṛia: ʤa:ɳe na:hiɱ/
Where have you come from?	↝ A`Z ÒLDÜWÊ AjÞR«Þ? 
↝ /a:pɔɳɔkeuɱʈhu a:sitʃhɔnti/
I have come from Orissa.	↝ cÊÜ JXÏÞhÐeÊ AjÞRÞ Ð /muɱ oṛiśa:ru a:sitʃhi/
I love you.			↝ cÊÜ [ÊcLÊ bm `ÐH Ð /muɱtumɔku bhɔlɔ pa:e/
More				↝ @^ÞL /ɔdhikɔ/
Less				↝ Lcç /kɔm/
Good				↝ bm /bhɔlɔ/
Bad				↝ MeÐ` /khɔra:pɔ/
Far				↝ ]Ëe /du:rɔ/
Near				↝ `ÐM /pa:khɔ/
Hot				↝ Nec /gɔrɔmɔ/
Cold				↝ \¨Ð /thɔɳɖa:/
What time is it?		↝ ÒLÒ[VÐ aÐSÞRÞ? /keteʈa: ba:ʤitʃhi/
   jc¯ ÒLÒ[VÐ? /sɔmɔjɔ keteʈa:/
How much?			↝ ÒLÒ[ ]Ðcç? /kete da:m/
What do you do?		↝ A`Z L'Z Le«Þ?(honorific)
     /a:pɔɳɔ kɔ’ɳɔkɔrɔnti/
     [ÊÒc L'Z Le?(non-honorific)
     /tume kɔ’ɳɔkɔrɔ/
I am a teacher.		↝ cÊÜ SÒZ hÞlL Ð /muɱ ʤɔɳe śikṣɔkɔ/
Where are you going?	↝ [ÊÒc LÊAÒX dÐDR? /tume kua:ɖe ʤa:utʃhɔ/
What do you want?	↝ [ÊÒc L'Z QÐkÊÜR? /tume kɔ’ɳɔtʃa:huɱtʃhɔ/
How old are you?		↝ [Êce a¯j ÒLÒ[?/tumɔrɔ bɔjɔsɔ kete/
Excuse me.			↝ lcÐ LeÞÒa Ð /kṣɔma: kɔribe/
I wish you.			↝ cÊÜ A`Z*e jÊbLÐc_Ð LeÊRÞ Ð
↝ /muɱ a:pɔɳɔŋkɔrɔ subhɔka:mɔna: kɔrutʃhi/
I love you.			↝ cÊÜ [ÊcLÊ bm `ÐH Ð /muɱ tumɔku bhɔlɔ pa:e/
Congratulations.		↝ hÊÒboÐ Ð or @bÞ_t_ Ð
↝ /śubhetʃtʃha:/ or /ɔbhinɔndɔnɔ/
Wish you happy new year. ↝ _aaiàe @bÞ_t_ (hÊÒboÐ) Ð
  ↝ /nɔbɔbɔrṣɔrɔ ɔbhinɔndɔnɔ (śubhetʃtʃha:)/
Where do you live?	
↝ A`Z ÒLDÜWÞ aÐj Le«Þ?		/a:pɔɳɔ keuɱʈhi ba:sɔ kɔrɔnti/
↝ A`Z ÒLDÜWÞ ek«Þ?		/a:pɔɳɔ keuɱʈhi rɔhɔnti/
↝ [ÊÒc ÒLDÜWÞ ek?			/tume keuɱʈhi rɔhɔ/
↝ [ÊÒc ÒLDÜWÞ aÐj Le?		/tume keuɱʈhi ba:sɔ kɔrɔ/

Cooking Terminology

Aniseed 		↝ `Ð_c^ÊeÑ 	↝ pa:nɔmɔdhuri:
Bay leaf 		↝ Ò[S`[Í 	↝ teʤɔpɔtrɔ
Black cumin 	↝ LfÐSÞeÐ 	↝ kɔɭa:ʤira:
Black pepper 	↝ ÒNÐmceÞQ 	↝ golɔmɔritʃɔ
Camphor 		↝ L`Ëàe 		↝ kɔrpu:rɔ
Caraway seed 	↝ SÊAZÞ 		↝ ʤua:ɳi
Cardamom 		↝ NÊSÊeÐ[Þ 		↝ guʤura:ti
Catechu 		↝ MBe 		↝ khɔirɔ
Chilly 		↝ m*ÐceÞQ 	↝ lɔŋka:mɔritʃɔ
Cinnamon 		↝ XÏÐfQÞ_Þ 		↝ ṛa:ɭ ɔtʃini
Clove 		↝ ma= 		↝ lɔbɔŋgɔ
Condiment 		↝ aVÐcjmÐ 	↝ bɔʈa:mɔsɔla:
Coriander 		↝ ^_ÞA 		↝ dhɔnia:
Cumin 		↝ SÞeÐ 		↝ ʤira:
Dried ginger 	↝ hÊÞ 		↝ śuɳʈhi
Fenugreek 		↝ Òc\Þ 		↝ methi
Ginger 		↝ @]Ð 		↝ ɔda:
Mace 			↝ SÐB[ÍÞ 		↝ ʤa:itri
Mustard 		↝ ÒjÐeÞi 		↝ soriṣɔ
Mustard or Rye paste ↝ Òaje 	↝ besɔrɔ
Nutmeg 		↝ SÐB$f 		↝ ʤa:iphɔɭɔ
Poppy seeds 	↝ Ò`ЪL ]Ð_Ð 	↝ postɔkɔ da:na:
Gaggery 		↝ NÊXÏ		↝ guṛɔ
Spices 		↝ cjmÐ 		↝ mɔsɔla:
Turmeric 		↝ kf]Ñ 		↝ hɔɭɔdi:

Cooking Ingredients

Black gram 		↝ ↝
Butter 		↝ mkÊZÑ 		↝ lɔhuɳi:
Cashew nut 		↝ LÐSÊ aÐ]Ðc 	↝ ka:ʤu ba:da:mɔ
Chicken 		↝ QÞL_ or cÐÕj ↝ tʃikɔnɔ ma:nsɔ
Curd 			↝ ]kÞ 		↝ dɔhi
Fish 			↝ cÐR 		↝ ma:tʃɔ
Flour 			↝ @VÐ 		↝ ɔʈa:
Flour			↝ cB]Ð		↝ mɔida:
Garlic 		↝ ejÊZ 		↝ rɔsuɳɔ
Green gram 		↝ ↝
Groundnut 		↝ aÐ]Ðc or bÊQZÐ↝ ba:da:mɔ or bhutʃɔɳa:
Lemon		↝ ÒmcéÊ 		↝ lembu
Lentils		↝ XÏÐmÞ 		↝ ṛa:li
Toor Lentil 		↝ keXÏ XÏÐmÞ	↝ hɔrɔṛɔ ṛa:li
Meat 			↝ cÐÕj 		↝ ma:nsɔ
Prawn 		↝ QÞ=ÊXÏÞ		↝ tʃiŋguṛi
Fries			↝ bSÐ		↝ bhɔʤa:
Curry 		↝ [eLÐeÑ		↝ tɔrɔka:ri:
Milk 			↝ lÑe 		↝ kṣi:rɔ
Oil 			↝ Ò[m 		↝ telɔ
Onion 		↝ `ÞAS 		↝ pia:ʤɔ
Potato			↝ AfÊ 		↝ a:ɭu
Raisin 		↝ LÞjçcÞjç 		↝ kismis
Red gram 		↝ ↝
Red lentils 		↝ ↝
Rice 			↝ bÐ[ or QÐDf 	↝ bha:tɔ or tʃa:uɭɔ
Salt 			↝ mÊZ 		↝ luɳɔ
Sugar 		↝ QÞ_Þ 		↝ tʃini
Tomato		↝ aÞmÐ[Þ 		↝ bila:ti
Vegetable 		↝ `_Þ`eÞaÐ 	↝ pɔnipɔriba:
Leafy vegetables 	↝ hÐN 		↝ śa:gɔ
Drum stick 		↝ jS_Ð RÊBÜ 	↝ sɔʤɔna: tʃhuiɱ
Spring onion 	↝ `ÞAS hÐN 	↝ pia:ʤɔ śa:gɔ
Spinach 		↝ `Ðf= hÐN 	↝ pa:ɭ ɔŋgɔ śa:gɔ
Vermicelli 		↝ jÞÒcB 		↝ simei
Wheat 		↝ Nkc 		↝ gɔhɔmɔ

Natural Objects

Canal 		↝ _Ðf 		↝ na:ɭ ɔ
Cloud 		↝ ÒcO 		↝ meghɔ
Hill 			↝ `ÐkÐXÏ 		↝ pa:ha:ṛɔ
Lightning 		↝ aÞSÊfÞ 		↝ biʤuɭi
Mountain 		↝ `aà[ 		↝ pɔɔrbɔtɔ
Rain 			↝ aiÐà 		↝ bɔrṣa:
River 			↝ _]Ñ 		↝ nɔdi:
Shadow 		↝ RÐB 		↝ tʃha:i
Spring 		↝ TeZÐ 		↝ ʤhɔrɔɳa:
Sunlight 		↝ jËdÔàLÞeZ 	↝ su:rʤjɔkirɔɳɔ
Thunder 		↝ OXÏOXÏÞ 		↝ ghɔṛɔghɔṛi
Wind 			↝ `a_ 		↝ pɔbɔnɔ

Plants

Creeper 		↝ ↝
Grass 			↝ OÐj 		↝ gha:sɔ
Shrub 		↝ aÊ]Ð 		↝ buda:
Tree 			↝ NR 		↝ gɔtʃhɔ

Fruits

Apple 		↝ ÒjJ or A[ 	↝ seo or a:ta
Banana 		↝ L]fÑ 		↝ kɔdɔɭi:
Carrot 		↝ NÐSe 		↝ ga:ʤɔrɔ
Cashew nut		↝ m*ÐAcé 	↝ lɔŋka:a:mbɔ
Coconut 		↝ _XÏÞA 		↝ nɔṛia:
Cucumber 		↝ LÐLÊXÏÞ 		↝ ka:kuṛi
Date 			↝ MSÊeÑ 		↝ khɔʤuri:
Fruit 			↝ $f 		↝ phɔɭɔ
Grapes 		↝ @=Êe 		↝ ɔŋgurɔ
Guava 		↝ `ÞSÊfÞ 		↝ piʤuɭi
Jackfruit 		↝ `Zj 		↝ pɔɳɔsɔ
Jujube 		↝ aeÒLÐfÞ 	↝ bɔrɔkoɭi
Litchi 		↝ mÞQÊ 		↝ litʃu
Mango 		↝ Acé 		↝ a:mbɔ
Melon		↝ $ÊVÞ 		↝ phuʈi
Orange		↝ LcfÐ ÒmcéÊ 	↝ kɔmɔɭa: lembu
Palm fruit		↝ [Ðf 		↝ ta:ɭ ɔ
Pear			↝ _Ðj`Ð[Þ 	↝ na:sɔpa:ti
Pineapple 		↝ j`ÊeÑ 		↝ sɔpuri:
Pistachio 		↝ Ò`ªÐ 		↝ pesta:
Plum 			↝ ÒLÐfÞ 		↝ koɭi
Pomegranate 	↝ XÏÐfÞcé 		↝ ṛa:ɭimbɔ
Sugar cane 		↝ AMÊ 		↝ a:khu
Tamarind 		↝ Ò[«ÊfÞ 		↝ tentuɭi
Watermelon		↝ [ebÊS 		↝ tɔrɔbhuʤɔ

Animals

Ant 			↝ `ÞÕ`ÊXÏÞ 		↝ pimpuṛi
Bee 			↝ ckÊcÐRÞ 		↝ mɔhuma:tʃhi
Black bee 		↝ bÍce 		↝ bhrɔmɔrɔ
Buffalo 		↝ ckÞÜiÞ 		↝ mɔhiɱṛi
Butterfly 		↝ `ÍSÐ`[Þ 		↝ prɔʤa:pɔti
Cat 			↝ aÞeÐXÏÞ		↝ bira:ṛi
Chameleon 		↝ akÊeË`Ñ 		↝ bɔhuru:pi:
Cow 			↝ NÐC 		↝ ga:i:
Cricket 		↝ TÞ*ÐeÑ 		↝ ʤhiŋka:ri:
Crocodile 		↝ LÊc÷Ñe 		↝ kumbhi:rɔ
Crow 			↝ LÐD 		↝ ka:u
Deer 			↝ keÞZ 		↝ hɔriɳɔ
Dog 			↝ LÊLÊe 		↝ kukurɔ
Dove 			↝ LÒ`Ð[ 		↝ kɔpotɔ
Elephant 		↝ kÐ[Ñ 		↝ ha:ti:
Fish 			↝ cÐR 		↝ ma:tʃhɔ
Fly 			↝ cÐRÞ 		↝ ma:tʃhi
Frog 			↝ Òa= 		↝ beŋgɔ
Glow-worm 		↝ SÊfÊSÊfÞA Ò`ÐL	↝ ʤuɭuʤuɭia: pokɔ
Goat 			↝ ÒRfÞ 		↝ tʃheɭi
Grasshopper 	↝ TÞÃÞLÐ 		↝ ʤhiɳʈika:
Horse 		↝ ÒOÐXÏÐ 		↝ ghoṛa:
Lion 			↝ jÞÕk 		↝ siɱhɔ
Louse 		↝ DLÊZÑ 		↝ ukuɳi:
Mosquito 		↝ chÐ 		↝ mɔśa:
Ox 			↝ af] 		↝ bɔɭɔdɔ
Pigeon 		↝ `ÐeÐ 		↝ pa:ra:
Snake 		↝ jÐ` 		↝ sa:pɔ
Spider 		↝ aÊYÏÑAZÞ 	↝ burhi:a:ɳi
Tiger 			↝ aÐO 		↝ ba:ghɔ
Whale 		↝ [ÞcÞ 		↝ timi

Dress

Sari 			↝ jÐYÏÞ 		↝ sa:rhi
Petticoat 		↝ ↝ 
gAmuCA (Indian towel) 	↝ NÐcÊRÐ 	↝ ga:mutʃha:
Veil 			↝ JYÏZÑ 		↝ orhɔɳi:
lufGi 			↝ mÊ+Þ 		↝ luŋghi
Xowi 			↝ Ò^Ð[Þ 		↝ dhoti
cAdara 		↝ QÐ]e  		↝ tʃa:dɔrɔ

Interrogatives

Who 			↝ LÞH 		↝ kie
Whom 		↝ LÐkÐLÊ 		↝ ka:ha:ku
When 		↝ ÒLÒ[ÒaÒf 	↝ ketebeɭe
Where 		↝ ÒLDÜWÐÒe 	↝ keuɱʈha:re
What 			↝ L'Z or L@Z 	↝ kɔ’ɳɔ or kɔɔɳɔ
Why 			↝ LÐkÞÜLÞ		↝ ka:hiɱki
How 			↝ LÞ`eÞ		↝ kipɔri
How much 		↝ ÒLÒ[ (@^ÞL)	↝ kete (ɔdhikɔ)
How many 		↝ ÒLÒ[ (VÐ) 	↝ kete (ʈa:)
How long 		↝ ÒLÒ[ (jc¯) 	↝ kete (sɔmɔjɔ)

Correlatives

If …then		↝ d]Þ ... Ò[Òa 			↝ ʤɔdi … tebe
Either … or 		↝ HBVÐ ... _ÒkÒm ÒjBVÐ 	↝ eiʈa: … nɔhele seiʈa:
Neither … or	↝ HBVÐ _ÊÒkÜ LÞ ... ÒjBVÐ _ÊÒkÜ ↝ 
eiʈa: nuheɱ ki … seiʈa: nuheɱ

Locatives

Here 			↝ HWÐÒe 		↝ eʈha:re
There 		↝ ÒjWÐÒe 	↝ seʈha:re
There distant 	↝ ÒjkÞWÐÒe 	↝ sehiʈha:re

Quantitative

Some 			↝ LÞRÞ 		↝ kitʃhi
Many 		↝ @Ò_L or akÊ[	↝ ɔnekɔ or bɔhutɔ
Much 		↝ MÊaç or akÊ[ 	↝ khub or bɔhutɔ
Few 			↝ Lcç or @Á 	↝ kɔm or ɔɭpɔ
Group 		↝ ]f 		↝ dɔɭɔ

Size and Shape

Fat 			↝ ÒcÐVÐ 		↝ moʈa:
Lean 			↝ ↝ 
Narrow 		↝ jeÊ or jÕLÑÀà ↝ sɔru or sɔŋki:rɳɔ
Thin 			↝ `[fÐ 		↝ pɔtɔɭa:
Tall 			↝ mcéÐ or Dn 	↝ lɔmba: or utʃtʃɔ
Short 			↝ ÒRÐV 		↝ tʃhoʈɔ
Dwarf 		↝ ÒNXÏÐ 		↝ geṛa:
Straight 		↝ jÞ^Ð or jfM 	↝ sidha: or sɔɭɔkhɔ
Curved 		↝ a*Ð 		↝ bɔŋka:
Big 			↝ aXÏ 		↝ bɔṛɔ
Small 		↝ jÐ_ 		↝ sa:nɔ
Round 		↝ ÒNÐm 		↝ golɔ
Square 		↝ Q[ÊàbÊS 		↝ tʃɔturrbhuʤɔ
Triangle 		↝ [ÍÞbÊS		↝ tribhuʤɔ
Hexagonal 		↝ iXÏbÊS 		↝ ṛɔṛɔbhuʤɔ
Octagonal 		↝ @½bÊS 		↝ ɔṛʈɔbhuʤɔ

Types of Lexicon

There are four types of words in the Oriya lexicons such as, /tɔtsɔmɔ/ [[çjc (the Sanskrit words), /tɔdb^hɔbɔ/ []çba (the words which have been derived from Sanskrit), /deśɔʤɔ/ Ò]hS (our own words or from the aboriginal origin), and /bideśi:/ aÞÒ]hÑ (the foreign words or the borrowed words from foreign).

1. The /tɔtsɔmɔ/ [[çjc (the Sanskrit words)

$f /p^hɔɭɔ/ (fruit), Sf /ʤɔɭɔ/ (water), `ÊeÊi /puruṣɔ/ (male), jÞÕk /siɱhɔ/ (lion), jËdÔà /su:rʤjɔ/ (sun).

2. The /tɔdb^hɔbɔ/ []çba (the words which have been derived from Sanskrit)

QtÍ /tʃɔndrɔ/ (moon), LÀà /kɔrɳɔ/ (ear), QlÊ /tʃɔkṣu/ (eye), kªÑ /hɔsti:/ (elephant), LÃL /kɔɳʈɔkɔ/ (thorn).

3. The /deśɔʤɔ/ Ò]hS (our own words or from the aboriginal origin)

Oe /g^hɔrɔ/ (house), eÐuÞaÐ /ra:nd^hiba:/ (to cook), `Ê@ /puɔ/ (son), M¨Ð /k^hɔɳṛa:/ (sword), SZÐZ /ʤɔɳa:ɳɔ/ (prayer).

4. The /bideśi:/ aÞÒ]hÑ (the foreign words or the borrowed words from foreign)

ÒVaÊm /ʈebul/ (table), ÒQ¯Ðe /tʃeja:r/ (chair), Ò``e /pepɔr/ (paper), ]mÞm /dɔlilɔ/ (file), jÐBLm /sa:ikɔlɔ/ (cycle/bicycle), ÒcÐVe /moʈɔrɔ/ (motor), LÐe /ka:r/ (car), jÐVà /sa:rʈ/ (shirt), Ò`à /peɳʈ/ (pant).

1. Oriya Cardinal Numerals

Arabic	Oriya numerals		in Oriya scripts 	     Oriya numerals 
numerals	(in figures)						      (in words)

0 			0 			hÊ_				sunɔ
1 			1 			HL				ekɔ
2 			2 			]ÊB				dui
3 			3 			[Þ_Þ				tini
4 			4 			QÐeÞ				tʃa:ri
5 			5 			`Ðq				pa:ntʃɔ
6 			6 			R@				tʃhɔɔ
7 			7 			jÐ[				sa:tɔ
8 			8 			Aw				a:ʈhɔ
9 			9 			_@				nɔɔ
10			10 			]h				dɔśɔ
11 			11			HNÐe				ega:rɔ
12 			12 			aÐe				ba:rɔ
13 			13 			Ò[e				terɔ
14 			14 			QD]				tʃɔudɔ
15 			15 			`te				pɔndɔrɔ
16 			16 			ÒiÐkf			ṣohɔɭɔ
17 			17 			j[e				sɔtɔrɔ
18 			18 			@We				ɔʈhɔrɔ
19 			19 			DÒZBh			uɳe:iśɔ
20 			20 			ÒLÐXÏÞH			koṛie:
21 			21 			HÒLÐBh			ekoiśɔ
30 			30 			[ÞeÞh				tiriśɔ
40 			40 			QÐfÞh				tʃ:ɭiśɔ
50 			50 			`QÐh				pɔtʃ:śɔ
60 			60 			jÐWÞH				sa:ʈhie
70 			70 			j[ÊeÑ			sɔturi
80 			80 			@hÑ				ɔśi:
90 			90 			_Òa				nɔbe
100 			100 		hÒk/HL hk		śɔhe/ekɔśɔhɔ
101 			101    hÒk HL/HL hk HL 		śɔhe ekɔ ekɔśɔhɔ ekɔ
250 			250 	]ÊB hk `QÐh	        		dui śɔhɔ ɔtʃ:śɔ
371 			371 	[Þ_Þ hk HLªeÑ	   		tini śɔhɔ ekɔɔr:
987 			987 	_@ hk j[Ð@hÑ	   		nɔɔeśɔhɔ sɔta:ɔśi:
1,000 			1000 	kSÐÒe/HL kSÐe  		hɔʤa:re/ekɔ hɔʤa:rɔ
4,575 			4575QÐeÞ kSÐe `qªeÑ 		tʃa:ri hɔʤa:rɔ pɔntʃɔstɔri:
5,000 			5000 		`Ðq kSÐe			pa:ntʃɔ hɔʤa:rɔ
10,000 		10,000 		]h kSÐe/@¯Ê[		dɔśɔ hɔʤa:rɔɔjutɔ
1,00,000 		1,00,000	 hÒk kSÐe/ml	 		śɔhe hɔʤa:rɔɔkhjɔ
10,00,000 		10,00,000 	]h ml/ _Þ¯Ê[		dɔśɔ lɔkhjɔnijutɔ
1,00,00,000 		1,00,00,000 (HL) ÒLÐVÞ/ÒLÐVÞH 	(ekɔ)koʈi/koʈie
108     		      100000000	@aàÊ]			ɔrbudɔ
109 		             1000000000	aót			brundɔ
1010 		          10000000000 	Maà			khɔrbɔ
1011 		       100000000000	_ÞMaà			nikhɔrbɔ
1012 	              1000000000000	h<			śɔŋkhɔ
1013 	           10000000000000 	`]ê			pɔdmɔ
1014            100000000000000 	jÐNe			sa:gɔrɔ
1015             1000000000000000	@«Ô			ɔntjɔ
1016       10000000000000000 	c^Ô			mɔdhjɔ
1017    100000000000000000	`eÐwà			pɔra:rddhɔ

Ordinal Numerals

First			↝ `Í\c		↝ prɔthɔmɔ
Second		↝ ]Þé[ѯ		↝ dwiti:jɔ
Third			↝ [ó[ѯ		↝ truti:jɔ
Fourth		↝ Q[Ê\à		↝ tʃɔturthɔ
Fifth			↝ `qc		↝ pɔntʃɔmɔ
Sixth			↝ iº		↝ ṣɔṣʈhɔ
Seventh		↝ j©c		↝ sɔptɔmɔ
Eighth		↝ @½c		↝ ɔṣʈɔmɔ
Ninth			↝ _ac		↝ nɔbɔmɔ
Tenth			↝ ]hc		↝ dɔśɔmɔ
Eleventh		↝ HLÐ]h		↝ eka:dɔśɔ
Twelfth		↝ ]éÐ]h		↝ dwa:dɔśɔ
Thirteenth		↝ [ÍÒ¯Ð]h		↝ trɔjodɔśɔ
Fourteenth		↝ Q[Ê~àh		↝ tʃɔturddɔśɔ
Fifteenth		↝ `q]h		↝ pɔntʃɔdɔśɔ
Sixteenth		↝ ÒiÐXÏh		↝ ṣoṛśɔ
Seventeenth		↝ j©]h		↝ sɔptɔdɔśɔ
Eighteenth		↝ @½]h		↝ ɔṣʈɔdɔśɔ
Nineteenth		↝ E_aÞÕh		↝ unɔbiɱśɔ
Twentieth		↝ aÞÕh		↝ biɱśɔ

2. Oriya Days, Months, Seasons, Years, and Times

Week		↝ j©Ðk		↝ 	sɔpta:hɔ
Sunday	↝ eaÞaÐe		↝	rɔbiba:rɔ
Monday	↝ ÒjÐcaÐe	↝	somɔba:rɔ
Tuesday	↝ c=faÐe	↝	mɔŋgɔɭɔba:rɔ
Wednesday	↝ aÊ^aÐe		↝	budhɔba:rɔ
Thursday	↝ NÊeÊaÐe		↝	guruba:rɔ
Friday	↝ hÊLÍaÐe		↝	śukrɔba:rɔ
Saturday	↝ h_ÞaÐe		↝	śɔniba:rɔ

1	↝ 	ÒaßhÐM	↝ bɔiśa:khɔ
2	↝ 	ÒSÔº		↝ ʤjoṣʈhɔ
3	↝ 	AiÐYÏ	↝ a:ṣa:rhɔ
4	↝ 	hÍÐaZ		↝ śra:bɔɳɔ
5	↝ 	bÐ]Ía		↝ bha:drɔbɔ
6	↝ 	AhÞé_		↝ a:świnɔ
7	↝ 	LÐrÞàL		↝ ka:rttikɔ
8	↝ 	cÐNàhÞe	↝ ma:rgɔśirɔ
9	↝ 	Ò`ßÐi		↝ pɔuṣɔ
10	↝ 	cÐO		↝ ma:ghɔ
11	↝ 	$ÐmçNÊ_	↝ pha:lgunɔ
12	↝ 	ÒQß[Í		↝ tʃɔitrɔ

Season	↝ F[Ê		↝ rɨtu
Summer 	↝ NÍÑiê 		↝ griṣmɔ
Rainy		↝ aiàÐ		↝ bɔrṣa:
Autumn	↝ he[		↝ śɔrɔtɔ
Dewy		↝ Òkc«		↝ hemɔntɔ
Winter	↝ hÑ[ or hÞhÞe	↝ śi:tɔ (or) śiśirɔ
Spring	↝ aj«		↝ bɔsɔntɔ

Year		↝ aià		↝ bɔrṣɔ
Leap year	↝ @^Þaià		↝ adhibɔrṣɔ
Lunar year	↝ QÐtaià		↝ tʃa:ndɔbɔrṣɔ
Solar year	↝ ÒjßÐeaià		↝ sɔurɔbɔrṣɔ
Century	↝ h[Ð~Ñ		↝ śɔta:ddi:
Age		↝ dÊN		↝ ʤugɔ
The Golden Age	     ↝ j[Ô (or) jÊaÀà dÊN ↝ sɔtjɔ (or) subɔrɳɔ ʤugɔ
The Dwapara Age	     ↝ ]éÐ`e dÊN			↝ dwa:pɔrɔ ʤugɔ
The Tretaya Age	     ↝ Ò[ßÍ[¯Ð dÊN			↝ treitɔja: ʤugɔ
The Iron Age	     ↝ LfÞ (or) ÒmßÐk dÊN	↝ kɔɭi (or) lɔuhɔ ʤugɔ
The Stone Age	     ↝ `ͪe dÊN			↝ prɔstɔrɔ ʤugɔ
The Copper Age	     ↝ [ÐcÍ dÊN			↝ ta:mrɔ ʤugɔ
The Ancient Age	     ↝ `ÊeÐ[_ dÊN		↝ pura:tɔnɔ ʤugɔ
The Medieval Age	     ↝ c^Ô dÊN			↝ mɔdhjɔ ʤugɔ
The Modern Age	     ↝ A^Ê_ÞL dÊN			↝ a:dhunikɔ ʤugɔ

Day		↝ ]Þ_		↝ dinɔ
Dawn		↝ DiÐ (or) `Í[ÔÊi↝ uṣa: (or) prɔtjuṣɔ
Morning	↝ jLÐf		↝ saka:ɭɔ
Noon		↝ c^ÔÐkð		↝ mɔdhja:hnɔ
Afternoon	↝ @`eÐkð		↝ apɔra:hnɔ
Evening	↝ juÔÐ		↝ sɔndhja:
Night		↝ eÐ[ÍÞ		↝ ra:tri
Midnight	↝ c^ÔeÐ[ÍÞ		↝ mɔdhjɔra:tri
Sunrise	↝ jËÒdÔÐà]¯	↝ su:rʤodɔjɔ
Sunset	↝ jËdÔÐàª		↝ su:rʤa:stɔ
Time		↝ jc¯		↝ sɔmɔjɔ
Present	↝ aràcÐ_		↝ bɔrttɔma:nɔ
Past		↝ @[Ñ[		↝ ati:tɔ
Future	↝ baÞiÔ[		↝ bhɔbiṣjɔtɔ
Hour		↝ OÃÐ		↝ ghɔɳʈa:
Minute	↝ cÞ_ÞVç		↝ miniʈ
Second	↝ ÒjÒL¨ç		↝ sekeɳɖ
Fortnight 	↝ `l		↝ pɔkṣɔ

3. Direction and Colour Terms

Direction	↝ ]ÞN	↝ digɔ
East		↝ `Ëaà	↝ pu:rbɔ
West		↝ `¾Þc	↝ pɔśtʃimɔ
North		↝ Dre	↝ uttɔrɔ
South		↝ ]lÞZ	↝ dɔkṣiɳɔ
North-east	↝ IhÐ_Ô	↝ ɔiśa:njɔ
North-west	↝ aЯaÔ	↝ ba:jɔbjɔ
South-east	↝ AÒNð¯	↝ a:gnejɔ
South-west	↝ Ò_ßFà[	↝ nɔirrɨtɔ
Left 		↝ aÐc 	↝ ba:mɔ
Right 		↝ XÐkÐZ 	↝ ɖa:ha:ɳɔ

Colour	↝ e=	↝ rɔŋgɔ
Black		↝ LfÐ	↝ kɔɭa:
White		↝ ^fÐ	↝ dhɔɭa:
Red		↝ mÐm	↝ la:lɔ
Orange	↝ _Ðe=Ñ	↝ na:rɔŋgi:
Yellow	↝ kf]ÞA	↝ hɔɭɔdija:
Green		↝ jaÊS	↝ sɔbuʤɔ
Blue		↝ _Ñf	↝ ni:ɭɔ
Violet		↝ aÐBNZÑ	↝ ba:igɔɳi:
Pink		↝ Ci[ç mÐm	↝ i:ṣɔt la:lɔ
Indigo	↝ O__Ñf		↝ ghɔnɔni:ɭɔ
Grey		↝ ^Ëje (or) `ÐDÜhÞA	↝ dhu:sɔrɔ (or) pa:uɱśia:
Tawny	↝ `Þ=faÀà			↝ piŋgɔɭɔbɔrɳɔ
Brown	↝ aÐ]ÐcÑ			↝ ba:da:mi:
Purple	↝ aÐBNZÑ			↝ ba:igɔɳi:
Ochre		↝ ÒNeÊ			↝ geru
Silvery	↝ eËÒ`mÑ			↝ ru:peli:
Golden	↝ jÊÒ_mÞ			↝ suneli

4. Body parts

Body		↝ heÑe	↝ śɔri:rɔ
Head		↝ cʨ 	↝ muɳɖɔ
Brain		↝ cªÞ´	↝ mɔstiṣkɔ
Hair		↝ aÐf	↝ ba:ɭɔ
Eye		↝ AMÞ	↝ a:khi
Nose		↝ _ÐL	↝ na:kɔ
Ear		↝ LÐ_	↝ ka:nɔ
Mouth	↝ `ÐVÞ	↝ pa:ʈi
Tooth		↝ ]Ы	↝ da:ntɔ
Tongue	↝ SÞb	↝ jibhɔ
Forehead	↝ L`Ðf 	↝ kɔpa:ɭɔ
Cheek		↝ NÐm	↝ ga:lɔ
Neck		↝ ÒaL	↝ bekɔ
Arm		↝ aÐkÊ	↝ ba:hu
Armpit	↝ LÐM	↝ ka:khɔ
Breast		↝ ª_	↝ stɔnɔ
Chest		↝ RÐ[Þ	↝ tʃha:ti
Backbone or spine	↝ ÒceÊ]¨ (kÐXÏ)	↝ merudɔɳɖɔ (ha:ṛɔ)
Muscle	↝ Ò`hÑ	↝ peśi:
Rib		↝ `&eÐ	↝ pɔnʤɔra:
Lungs		↝ $Êjç$Êjç	↝ phusphus
Liver		↝ dLó[	↝ ʤɔkrɨtɔ
Heart		↝ kó]¯	↝ hrɨdɔjɔ
Flesh		↝ cÐÕj	↝ ma:ɱsɔ
Blood		↝ e¦	↝ rɔktɔ
Nerve		↝ jðЯÊ	↝ sna:ju
Vein		↝ hÞeÐ	↝ śira:
Intestine	↝ @«	↝ ɔntɔ
Artery	↝ ^c_Ñ	↝ dhɔmɔni:
Limbs		↝ @a¯a (or) @=`Í[Ô=	↝ ɔbɔjɔbɔ (or) ɔɱgɔprɔtjɔɱgɔ
Hand		↝ kÐ[	↝ ha:tɔ
Shoulder	↝ LÐu	↝ ka:ndhɔ
Elbow	↝ LkÊZÑ	↝ kɔhuɳi:
Palm		↝ `Ð`ÊmÞ	↝ pa:puli
Finger	↝ @=ÊfÞ	↝ ɔɱguɭi
Nail		↝ _M	↝ nɔkhɔ
Skin		↝ Qcà	↝ tʃɔrmɔ
Abdomen	↝ [fÞÒ`V	↝ tɔɭipeʈɔ
Stomach	↝ Ò`V	↝ peʈɔ
Bone		↝ kÐXÏ	↝ ha:ṛɔ
Thigh		↝ S+	↝ ʤɔɱghɔ
Anus		↝ cf]éÐe	↝ mɔɭɔdwa:rɔ
Kidney	↝ aóLL	↝ brɨkɔkɔ
Leg		↝ ÒNÐXÏ	↝ goṛɔ
Knee		↝ AÊ	↝ a:ɳʈhu
Buttock	↝ `ÞQÐ	↝ pitʃa:
Foot		↝ `Ð]	↝ pa:dɔ

Kith and Kin

Father			↝ aÐ`Ð		↝ ba:pa:
Mother		↝ cÐ or  cÐÜ		↝ ma: or ma:ɱ
Son			↝ `Ê@		↝ puɔ
Daughter		↝ TÞ@		↝ ʤhiɔ
Brother		↝ bÐB		↝ bha:i
Sister			↝ bDZÑ		↝ bhɔuɳi:
Uncle		↝ LÐLÐ or  LÒLB or cDjÐ	↝ ka:ka:  or kɔkei  or mɔusa:
Aunt		↝ LÐLÞ or MÊXÏÞ or cÐDjÑ	↝ka:ki  or  khu ṛi  or  ma:usi:
Cousin brother/sister↝ j>Làѯ bÐB/bDZÑ↝ sɔmpɔrki:jɔ bha:i / bhɔuɳi:
Grandfather		↝ @SÐ or ÒSÒS or aÐ`Ð ↝ ɔʤa: or ʤeʤeor ba:pa:
Grandmother	↝ AC or ÒSÒScÐ	↝ a:i:  or  ʤeʤema:
Nephew		↝ `Ê[ÊeÐ or bZSÐ	↝ putura:  or  bhɔɳɔʤa:
Niece			↝ TÞAeÑ or bÐZÞSÑ	↝ ʤhia:ri:  or  bha:ɳiʤi:
Son-in-law		↝ SéÐBÜ		↝ ʤwa:iɱ
Daughter-in-law	↝ ÒaÐkÊ		↝ bohu
Brother-in law	↝ ]Þ@e		↝ diɔrɔ
Sister-in-law	↝ hÐfÑ		↝ śa:ɭi:
Father-in-law	↝ héhÊe		↝ śwɔśurɔ
Mother-in-law	↝ hÐhÊ		↝ śa:śu
Parents		↝ `Þ[ÐcÐ[Ð		↝ pita:ma:ta:   (father-mother)
Great grandfather	↝ `Z @SÐ		↝ paɳɔ ɔʤa:
Great grandmother	↝ `Z AC		↝ paɳɔ a:i:
Ancestor or Forefather ↝ A[úѯjéS_ or  `Ëaà`ÊeÊi ↝ a:tmi:jɔswɔʤɔnɔ
or purbɔpuruṣɔ
Elder brother/sister		↝ aXÏ bÐB/bDZÑ	↝ bɔṛɔ bha:i / bhɔuɳi:
Younger brother/sister	↝ jÐ_ bÐB/bDZÑ	↝ sa:nɔbha:i / bhɔuɳi:
Step-mother/brother/sister   ↝ jÐa[ cÐÜ/bÐB/bDZÑ ↝ sa:bɔtɔ
ma:ɱ / bha:i / bhɔuɳi:
Husband		↝ jéÐcÑ	↝ swa:mi:
Wife			↝ ±Ñ		↝ stri:
Male			↝ `ÊeÊi	↝ puruṣɔ
Female		↝ _ÐeÑ	↝ na:ri:
Widow		↝ aÞ^aÐ	↝ bidhɔba:
Widower		↝ aÞ`_úÑL	↝ bipɔtni:kɔ
Bridegroom		↝ ae	↝ bɔrɔ
Bride			↝ L_ÔÐ	↝ kɔnja:
Maternal uncle	↝ cÐcÊÜ	↝ ma:muɱ
Maternal aunt	↝ cÐBÜ	↝ ma:iɱ
Twin brother	↝ dÐAÜfÐ bÐB/bDZÑ	↝ ʤa:a:ɱɭa: bha:i / bhɔuɳi:
Child			↝ j«Ð_	↝ sɔnta:nɔ

Names of the Horoscopes/Zodiac/Moon Sign ( eÐhÞ )

Aries			↝ Òci	↝ meṣɔ
Taurus		↝ aóib	↝ bruṣɔbhɔ
Gemini		↝ cÞ\Ê_	↝ mithunɔ
Cancer		↝ LLàV	↝ kɔrkɔʈɔ
Leo			↝ jÞÕk	↝ siɱhɔ
Virgo			↝ L_ÔÐ	↝ kɔnja:
Libra			↝ [ÊfÐ	↝ tuɭa:
Scorpio		↝ aó¾ÞL/aÞRÐ	↝ bruśtʃikɔ
Sagittarius		↝ ^_Êi/^_Ê	↝ dhɔnuṣɔ
Capricorn		↝ cLe	↝ mɔkɔrɔ
Aquarius		↝ LÊc÷ 	↝ kumbhɔ
Pisces			↝ cÑ_	↝ mi:nɔ

Planets (NÍkjcËk)

Planet			↝ NÍk	↝ grɔhɔ
Sun			↝ jËdÔà	↝ su:rʤjɔ
Moon			↝ QtÍ	↝ tʃɔndrɔ
Mercury		↝ aÊ^	↝ budhɔ
Venus			↝ hÊLÍ	↝ śukrɔ
Earth			↝ `ó\ÞaÑ	↝ prɨthibi:
Mars			↝ c=f	↝ mɔŋgɔɭɔ
Jupiter		↝ aók¸[Þ	↝ brɨhɔspɔti
Saturn		↝ h_Þ	↝ śɔni
Uranus		↝ BtÍ	↝ indrɔ
Neptune		↝ aeÊZ	↝ bɔruɳɔ
Pluto			↝ dc	↝ ʤɔmɔ
Comet		↝ ^ËcÒL[Ê	↝ dhumɔketu
Star			↝ [ÐeÐ	↝ ta:ra:

Some more and more word lists (Phrases)

The phrases given below are used in some special meanings in Oriya. (aÞhÞ½ @\àÒe aÔakó[ ÒLÒ[L aÐLÔÐÕh)

NScËMà /gɔʤɔmu:rkhɔ/	↝
aL^ÐcÞàL /bɔkɔdha:rmikɔ/	↝
]ÞNçNS /diggʤɔ/			↝
m*ÐÒe keÞ hv /lɔŋka:re hɔri śɔbdɔ/	↝
`Ê@ aÐe LÒn aÐe /puɔ ba:rɔ kɔtʃtʃe ba:rɔ/	↝
Drcc^Ôc	 /uttɔmɔmɔdhjɔmɔ/		↝
aÞeÐXÏÞÒaß»a /bira:ṛibɔṣɳɔbɔ/		↝
@wàQtÍ /ɔrddhɔtʃɔndrɔ/			↝
QlÊhËf /tʃɔkṣuśu:ɭɔ/			↝
LÕjÐeÞ Oee `ÐeÐ /kɔṃsa:ri ghɔrɔrɔ pa:ra:/	↝
ALÐh`Ð[Ðf `ÍÒb] /a:ka:śɔpa:ta:ɭɔ prɔbhedɔ/	↝
c_eMÐ L\Ð /mɔnɔrɔkha: kɔtha:/		↝
aÐNÒe `ÐBaÐ /ba:gɔre pa:iba:/		↝
L`Ðf Ò$eÞaÐ /kɔpa:ɭɔ pheriba:/		↝
L`Ðf $ÐVÞaÐ /kɔpa:ɭɔ pha:ʈiba:/		↝
QÕ`V Ò]aÐ /tʃɔṃpɔʈɔ deba:/		↝
RÐ[Þ $ÊÒmB QÐmÞaÐ /tʃha:ti phulei tʃa:liba:/	↝
ALÐh LÊjÊc /a:k:śɔ kusumɔ/		↝
ÒNÐae NÒZh /gobɔrɔ gɔɳeṣɔ/		↝
QËmÞLÞ dÞaÐ /tʃu:liki ʤiba:/		↝
ÒiÐfZÐ Ò]ÐiÑ /ṣoɭɔɳa: doṣi:/		↝
jcÊ]ÍLÊ au aÐuÞaÐ /sɔmudrɔku bɔndhɔ ba:ndhiba:/	↝
jcÊ]ÍLÊ hÒ<  /sɔmudrɔku śɔŋkhe/		↝
[fÞ[fЫ LeÞaÐ /tɔɭitɔɭa:ntɔ kɔriba:/	↝
kÐÒXÏ kÐÒXÏ a]çcÐjç /ha:ṛe ha:ṛe bɔdma:s/	↝
eШÑ`Ê@ @_«Ð /ra:ɳɖi:puɔ ɔnɔnta:/		↝
cÐNÞ AZÞmÐ [Þ@Z /ma:gi a:ɳila: tiɔɳɔ/	↝
cÐ*XÏ kÐ[Òe hÐfNÍÐc /ma:ŋkɔṛɔ ha:tɔre śa:ɭɔgra:mɔ/ 		↝
QLÊfÞ MÐBmÐ ÒmÐL /tʃɔkuɭi kha:ila: lokɔ/	↝
^eÐLÊ jeÐ cZÞaÐ /dhɔra:ku sɔra: mɔɳiba:/	↝
@ue mDXÏÞ	 /ɔndhɔrɔ lɔuṛi/		↝
LÐcÒe Ò`ÐL /ka:mɔre pokɔ/		↝
ÒSÐL cÊkÜÒe mÊZ /ʤokɔ muhɔɱre luɳɔ/	↝
LVÐ OÐAÒe QË_	/kɔʈa: gha:a:re tʃu:nɔ/	↝
AMÞÒe A=ÊWÞ `ËÒeB Ò]MÐBaÐ /a:khire a:ŋguʈhi pu:rei dekha:iba:/	↝
]Ê^ L]fÑ Ò]B jÐ` Ò`ÐiÞaÐ /dudhɔ kɔdɔɭi: dei sa:pɔ poṣiba:/	↝
DiÊ_Ð aÐBNZ Ò`Ð\Þ aÐBNZ /uṣuna: ba:igɔɳɔ pothi ba:igɔɳɔ/	↝
aÐkÐOe ÒaÒf aÐBNZ ÒeÐBaÐ /ba:ha:ghɔrɔ beɭe ba:igɔɳɔ roiba:/	↝
kÐV ÒkaÐ (`ÍLÐh `ÐBaÐ) /ha:ʈɔ heba: (prɔka:śɔ pa:iba:)/		↝
]DXÏÞ Ò]aÐ (Acúk[ÔÐ LeÞaÐ) /dɔuṛi deba: (a:tmɔhɔtja: kɔriba:)/	↝
cZÞi cÐVÞ ÒkÐBdÞaÐ (@LcàZÔ ÒkaÐ) /mɔɳiṣɔ ma:ʈi hoiʤiba: (ɔkɔrmɔɳjɔ heba:)/	↝

Different Scripture and Books (aÞbÞ_ð hб J `ʪL)

Art			↝ LfÐ		↝ kɔɭa:
Science		↝ aÞsÐ_		↝ biɲgja:nɔ
Commerce		↝ aÐZÞSÔ		↝ ba:ɳiʤjɔ
Literature		↝ jÐkÞ[Ô		↝ sa:hitjɔ
Philosophy		↝ ]hà_ hб	↝ dɔrśɔnɔ śa:strɔ
Anthropology	↝ cÐ_a aÞsÐ_	↝ ma:nɔbɔ biɲgja:nɔ
History		↝ B[ÞkÐj		↝ itiha:sɔ
Political Science	↝ eÐS_Ñ[Þ aÞsÐ_↝ ra:ʤɔni:ti biɲgja:nɔ
Sociology		↝ jcÐS aÞsÐ_	↝ sɔma:ʤɔ biɲgja:nɔ
Geography		↝ bËÒNÐf		↝ bhu:goɭɔ
Economics		↝ @\à_Ñ[Þ		↝ ɔrthɔni:ti
Logic			↝ [Làhб		↝ tɔrkɔśa:strɔ
Ethics			↝ _Ñ[Þ hб	↝ ni:ti śa:strɔ
Theology		↝ ^cà[ré		↝ dhɔrmɔtɔttwɔ
Mathematics	↝ NZÞ[		↝ gɔɳitɔ
Physics		↝ `]Ð\à aÞsÐ_	↝ pɔda:rthɔ biɲgja:nɔ
Chemistry		↝ ejЯ_ aÞsÐ_	↝ rɔsa:jɔnɔ biɲgja:nɔ
Biology		↝ SÑa aÞsÐ_	↝ ʤi:bɔ biɲgja:nɔ
Botany		↝ D¡Þ] aÞsÐ_	↝ udbhidɔ biɲgja:nɔ
Zoology		↝ `ÍÐZÑ aÞsÐ_	↝ pra:ɳi biɲgja:nɔ
Geology		↝ bËaÞ]ÔÐ		↝ bhu:bidja:
Astronomy		↝ ÒSÔÐ[ÞÓhб	↝ ʤjotiʔśa:strɔ
Metallurgy		↝ ^Ð[Ê aÞ]ÔÐ	↝ dha:tu bidja:
Medical Science	↝ QÞLÞjúÐ hб	↝ tʃikitsa: śa:strɔ
Geometry		↝ SÔÐcÞ[Þ		↝ ʤja:miti
Algebra		↝ aÑSNZÞ[	↝ bi:ʤɔgɔɳitɔ
Physiology		↝ heÑe[ré	↝ śɔri:rɔrtɔttwɔ
Psychology		↝ cÒ_ÐaÞsÐ_	↝ mɔnobiɲgja:nɔ

Gender in Oriya (JXÏÞAÒe mÞ=)

Masculine						Feminine
@bÞÒ_[Ð	/ɔbhineta:/↝ ‘actor’		@bÞÒ_[ÍÑ	/ɔbhinetri:/↝ ‘actress’
ck«		/mɔhɔntɔ/↝  ‘abbot’		ck«ÞAZÑ	/mɔhɔntia:ɳi:/↝ ‘abbess’
`eÞQÐfL	/pɔritʃa:ɭɔkɔ/↝ ‘conductor’	`eÞQÐfÞLÐ	/pɔritʃa:ɭika:/↝ ‘conductress’
jÕ`Ð]L	/sɔṃpa:dɔkɔ/↝ ‘editor	‘	jÕ`Ð]ÞLÐ	/sɔṃpa:dika:/↝ ‘editress’
jcÍÐV		/sɔmra:ʈɔ/↝	emperor	jÐcÍÐsÑ	/sa:mra:gɲi:/↝ ’empress’
Ò]a[Ð	/debɔta:/↝ ’god’			Ò]aÑ/Ò]a[Ñ /debi:, debɔti:/↝ ’goddess’
hÐjL		/śa:sɔkɔ/↝ ‘governor’		hÐjÞLÐ	/śa:sika:/↝ ‘governess’
`eÞ]hàL	/pɔridɔrśɔkɔ/↝ ‘inspector’	`eÞ]hÞàLÐ	/pɔridɔrśika:/↝ ‘inspectress’
jÞÕk		/siṃhɔ/↝ ‘lion’		jÞÕkÑ		/siṃhi:/↝ ‘lioness’ 
eÐSLÊcÐe	/ra:ʤɔkuma:rɔ/↝ ‘prince’	eÐSLÊcÐeÑ	/ra:ʤɔkuma:ri:/↝ ‘princess’
hÞlL		/śikṣɔkɔ/↝ ‘teacher’		hÞl¯[ÍÑ	/śikṣɔjɔtri: /↝ ‘lady teacher’
aÐO		/ba:ghɔ/↝ ’tiger’			aÐOÊZÑ	/ba:ghuɳi:/↝ ’tigress’
@¨ÞeÐ ÒRfÞ /ɔɳɖira: tʃheɭi/↝ ‘he-goat’	cÐC ÒRfÞ	/ma:i: tʃheɭi /↝ ‘she-goat’
bË[		/bhutɔ/↝ ‘he-devil’			bË[ÊZÑ	/bhutuɳi:/↝ ‘she-devil’
NDXÏ		/gɔuɖɔ/↝ ‘milkman’		NDXÏÊZÑ	/gɔuɖuɳi:/↝ ‘milkmaid’
c¯Êe		/mɔjurɔ/↝ ‘peacock’		c¯ÊeÑ	/mɔjuri:/↝ ‘peahen’
@aÞaÐkÞ[	/ɔbiba:hitɔ/↝ ‘bachelor’		@aÞaÐkÞ[Ð	/ɔbiba:hitɔ/↝ ‘maid, spinster’
aÐfL 	/ba:ɭɔkɔ/↝ ‘boy’			aÐfÞLÐ	/ba:ɭika:/↝ ‘girl’
aÐeçkÐ	/ba:rha:/↝ ‘boar’			aÐeçkÑ	/ba:rhi:/↝ ‘sow’
ae		/bɔrɔ/↝ ‘bride-groom’		L_ÔÐ		/kɔnja:/↝ ‘bride’
i		/ṣɔɳɖhɔ/↝ ‘bull’			NÐC		/ga:i:/↝ ‘cow’
cóN		/mrɨgɔ/↝ ‘buck’			cóNÑ		/mrɨgi:/↝ ‘doe’
LÊLÊe		/kukurɔ/↝ ‘dog’			cÐC LÊLÊe	/ma:i: kukurɔ/↝ ‘bitch’
a[L		/bɔtɔkɔ/↝ ‘drake’			cÐC a[L	/ma:i: bɔtɔkɔ/↝ ‘duck’
ÒOÐXÏÐ		/ghoɖa:/↝ ‘horse’			ÒOÐXÏÑ	/ghoṛi:/↝ ‘mare’
jéÐcÑ		/puruṣɔ, swa:mi:/↝ ‘husband’±Ñ		/stri:/↝ ‘wife’
eÐSÐ		/ra:ʤa:/↝ ‘king’			eÐZÑ		/ra:ɳi:/↝ ‘queen’
cÐmÞL		/ma:likɔ/↝ ’lord’			cÐmÞLÞAZÑ	/ma:likia:ɳi:/↝ ’lady’
LÊcÐe	/kuma:rɔ/↝ ’master’			LÊcÐeÑ	/kuma:ri:/↝ ’miss’
_e		/nɔrɔ/↝ ’man’			_ÐeÑ		/na:ri:/↝ ’woman’
j_ÔÐj	/sɔnja:sɔ/↝ ’monk’		j_ÔÐjÞ_Ñ	/sɔnja:sini:/↝ ’nun’
ÒcÐ		/meɳɖha:/↝ ‘ram’		ÒcÑ		/meɳɖhi:/↝ ‘ewe’
ckÐh¯	/mɔha:śɔjɔ/↝ ’sir	’		ckÐh¯Ð	/mɔha:śɔja:/↝ ’madam’
keÞZ		/hɔriɳɔ/↝ ’stag’			keÞZÑ	/hɔriɳi:/↝ ’hind’
cЯÐaÑ	/ma:ja:bi:/↝ ’wizard’		cЯÐaÞ_Ñ	/ma:ja:bini:/↝ ’witch’
QÐLe	/tʃa:kɔrɔ/↝ ‘male servant’		QÐLeÐZÑ/tʃa:kɔra:ɳi:/↝’female servant’
NЯL	/ga:jɔkɔ/↝ ‘male singer’		NЯÞLÐ	/ga:jika:/↝’female singer’
RÐ[Í		/tʃha:trɔ/↝ ‘male student’	RÐ[ÍÑ		/tʃha:tri:/↝’female student’
@¨ÞeÐ aÐRÊeÑ/ɔɳɖira: ba:tʃhuri:/↝ ‘bull-calf’
cÐC aÐRÊeÑ	/ma:i: ba:tʃhuri:/↝ cow-calf
OeQVÞA	/ghɔrɔtʃɔʈia:/↝ cock-sparrow
cÐC OeQVÞA	/ma:i: ghɔrɔtʃɔʈia:/↝ hen-sparrow
DreÐ^ÞLÐeÑ	/uttɔra:dhika:ri:/↝ heir
DreÐ^ÞLÐeÑZÑ	/uttɔra:dhika:ri:ɳi:/↝ heiress
@¨ÞeÐ ckÊcÐRÞ	/ɔɳɖira: mɔhuma:tʃhi/↝ drone
cÐC ckÊcÐRÞ	/ma:i: mɔhuma:tʃhi /↝ bee

Antonyms in Oriya

l[	/kṣɔtɔ/	@l[	/ɔkṣɔtɔ/
MÐ]Ô	/kha:djɔ/	@MÐ]Ô	/ɔkha:djɔ/
@NÍ	/ɔgrɔ/	`¾Ð[ç	/pɔśtʃa:t/
@NÍS	/ɔgrɔʤɔ/	@_ÊS	/ɔnuʤɔ/
@\à	/ɔrthɔ/	@_\à	/ɔnɔrthɔ/
Ló[s	/krɨtɔɲgjɔ/	@Ló[s	/ɔkrɨtɔɲgjɔ/
lc	/kṣɔmɔ/	@lc	/ɔkṣɔmɔ/
@N	/ɔgɔ/	cËf	/mu:ɭɔ/
@NÍNÐcÑ	/ɔgrɔga:mi:/	@_ÊNÐcÑ	/ɔnuga:mi:/
@s	/ɔɲgjɔ/	aÞs	/biɲgjɔ/
@^c	/ɔdhɔmɔ/	Drc	/uttɔmɔ/
@^ÞL	/ɔdhikɔ/	@Á, EZÐ, @_^ÞL	/ɔɭpɔ/, /u:ɳa:/, /ɔnɔdhikɔ/
@^Ó	/ɔdhʔ/	Ewéà	/u:rddhwɔ/
@_ÊNÍk	/ɔnugrɔhɔ/	_ÞNÍk	/nigrɔhɔ/
@_ÊeÐN	/ɔnura:gɔ/	aÞeÐN	/bira:gɔ/
@`eÐ^Þ	/ɔpɔra:dhi/	_Þe`eÐ^Þ	/nirɔpɔra:dhi/
@`Я	/ɔpa:jɔ/	D`Я	/upa:jɔ/
Ò]aÐ	/deba:/	Ò_aÐ	/neba:/
@bÞs	/ɔbhiɲgjɔ/	@_bÞs	/ɔnɔbhiɲgjɔ/
@eÊA	/ɔrua:/	DiÊ_Ð	/uṣuna:/
@mZÐ	/ɔlɔɳa:/	mÊZÞA	/luɳia:/
jÐ^ÐeZ	/sa:dha:rɔɳɔ/	@jÐ^ÐeZ	/ɔsa:dha:rɔɳɔ/
ALiàZ	/a:kɔrṣɔɳɔ/	aÞLiàZ	/bikɔrṣɔɳɔ/
ALÊq_	/a:kuntʃɔnɔ/	`ÍjÐeZ	/prɔsa:rɔɳɔ/
Lcç	/kɔm/	ÒahÑ	/beśi:/
ANc_	/a:gɔmɔnɔ/	_ÞNàc_,`Í[ÔÐNc_	/nirgɔmɔnɔ/, /prɔtja:gɔmɔnɔ/
A]Ð_	/a:da:nɔ/	`Í]Ð_	/prɔda:nɔ/
A]Ô	/a:djɔ/	`ÍЫ	/pra:ntɔ/
A_t	/a:nɔndɔ/	_ÞeÐ_t, aÞiÐ]	/nira:nɔndɔ/, /biṣa:dɔ/
A`ZÐ	/a:pɔɳa:/	`e	/pɔrɔ/
AaeZ	/a:bɔrɔɳɔ/	_ÞaÐeZ	/niba:rɔɳɔ/
AaÐk_	/a:ba:hɔnɔ/	aÞjSà_	/bisɔrʤɔnɔ/
AaÞf	/a:biɭɔ/	@_ÐaÞf	/ɔna:biɭɔ/
AcÞi	/a:miṣɔ/	_ÞeÐcÞi	/nira:miṣɔ/
@_ÊLËf	/ɔnuku:ɭɔ/	`Í[ÞLËf	/prɔtiku:ɭɔ/
@_Êe¦	/ɔnurɔktɔ/	aÞe¦	/birɔktɔ/
D`Q¯	/upɔtʃɔjɔ/	@`Q¯	/ɔpɔtʃɔjɔ/
`ËÀà	/pu:rɳɔ/	@`ËÀà	/ɔpu:rɳɔ/
@Ò`lÐ	/ɔpekṣa:/	DÒ`lÐ	/upekṣa:/
Drf	/uttɔɭɔ/	@a[f	/ɔbɔtɔɭɔ/
aÞi	/biṣɔ/	@có[	/ɔmrɨtɔ/
d\Ð	/ʤɔtha:/	@d\Ð	/ɔʤɔtha:/
@jÑc	/ɔsi:mɔ/	jjÑc	/sɔsi:mɔ/
@jm	/ɔsɔlɔ/	_Lm	/nɔkɔlɔ/
@fj	/ɔɭɔsɔ/	LcàW	/kɔrmɔʈhɔ/
ALÐh	/a:k:śɔ/	`Ð[Ðf	/pa:ta:ɭɔ/
AQÐe	/a:tʃa:rɔ/	@_ÐQÐe	/ɔna:tʃa:rɔ/
A]Þ	/a:di/	@«	/ɔntɔ/
A]Í	/a:drɔ/	hÊ´	/śuṣkɔ/
]ÊÓMÞ[	/duʔkhitɔ/	A_tÞ[	/a:nɔnditɔ/
AahÔL	/a:bɔśjɔkɔ/	@_ÐahÔL	/ɔna:bɔśjɔkɔ/
AaÞbÐàa	/a:birbha:bɔ/	[ÞÒeÐbÐa	/tirobha:bɔ/
Aaór	/a:brɨttɔ/	@_Ðaór	/ɔna:brɨttɔ/
Ac]Ð_Ñ	/a:mɔda:ni:/	e©Ð_Þ	/rɔpta:ni/
A¯	/a:jɔ/	aÔ¯	/bjɔjɔ/
Aec÷	/a:rɔmbhɔ/	Òhi	/śeṣɔ/
@uÐe	/ɔndha:rɔ/	AmÊ@	/a:luɔ/
AhÐ	/a:śa:/	_ÞeÐhÐ	/nira:śa:/
Ahͯ	/a:śrɔjɔ/	_ÞeÐhͯ	/nira:śrɔjɔ/
BoÐ	/itʃtʃha:/	@_ÞoÐ	/ɔnitʃtʃha:/
DLúià	/utkɔrṣɔ/	@`Lià	/ɔpɔkɔrṣɔ/
DQÞ[ç	/utʃit/	@_ÊQÞ[ç	/ɔnutʃit/
D[ç\Ð_	/uttha:nɔ/	`[_	/pɔtɔnɔ/
D]¯	/udɔjɔ/	@ª	/ɔstɔ/
DÒ`lÐ	/upekṣa:/	@Ò`lÐ	/ɔpekṣa:/
DmâÞMÞ[	/ullikhitɔ/	_ÞcðmÞMÞ[	/nimnɔlikhitɔ/
AÒeÐkZ /a:rohɔɳɔ/ @aÒeÐkZ, @a[eZ/ɔbɔrohɔhɔɳɔ/, /ɔbɔtɔrɔɳɔ/
AÒmÐL	/a:lokɔ/	@uLÐe	/ɔndhɔka:rɔ/
AhÑàaÐ]	/a:śi:rba:dɔ/	@bÞhÐ`	/ɔbhiśa:pɔ/
AªÞL	/a:stikɔ/	_ЪÞL	/na:stikɔ/
AkË[	/a:hu:tɔ/	@_ÐkË[	/ɔna:hu:tɔ/
BkÒmÐL	/ihɔlokɔ/	`eÒmÐL	/pɔrɔlokɔ/
C½	/i:sʈɔ/	@_Þ½	/ɔni:sʈɔ/
D¦	/uktɔ/	@_ʦ	/ɔnuktɔ/
DLúó½	/utkrɨṣʈɔ/	_ÞLó½	/nikrɨṣʈɔ/
DWÞaÐ	/uʈhiba:/	`XÏÞaÐ	/pɔṛiba:/
Drc	/uttɔmɔ/	@^c	/ɔdhɔmɔ/
Drf	/uttɔɭɔ/	@a[f	/ɔbɔtɔɭɔ/
D]Ðe	/uda:rɔ/	@_Ê]Ðe, Ló`Z/ɔnuda:rɔ/, /krɨpɔɳɔ/
@`LÐe	/ɔpɔka:rɔ/	D`LÐe	/upɔka:rɔ/
D`e	/upɔrɔ/	[f	/tɔɭɔ/
D`Я	/upɔjɔ/	@`Я	/ɔpa:jɔ/
Daàe	/urbɔrɔ/	@_Êaàe	/ɔnurbɔrɔ/
Lcà	/kɔrmɔ/	@Lcà	/ɔkɔrmɔ/
LfÐ	/kɔɭa:/	^fÐ	/dhɔɭa:/
LÐeZ	/ka:rɔɳɔ/	@LÐeZ	/ɔka:rɔɳɔ/
LÑrÞà	/ki:rtti/	@LÑrÞà	/ɔki:rtti/
Ló[s /krɨtɔʤɲɔ/    @Ló[s, Ló[Oð /ɔkrɨtɔʤɲɔ/, /krɨtɔghnɔ/
ÒLÍ[Ð	/kreta:/	aÞÒLÍ[Ð	/bikreta:/
HL	/ekɔ/	@Ò_L	/ɔnekɔ/
HL]Ð	/ekɔda:/	jaà]Ð	/sɔrbɔda:/
HZÊ	/eɳu/	Ò[ZÊ	/teɳu/
JS_ÞA	/oʤɔnia:/	kÐmÊLÐ	/ha:luka:/
LVÊ	/kɔʈu/	c^Êe	/mɔdhurɔ/
LqÐ	/kɔntʃa:/	`ÐQÞmÐ	/pa:tʃila:/
Lf* 	/kɔɭɔŋkɔ/	_Þ´f*	/niṣkɔɭɔŋkɔ/
LÐt	/ka:ndɔ/	kj	/hɔsɔ/
Lͯ	/krɔjɔ/	aÞLͯ	/bikrɔjɔ/
IL[Ð_ÞL	/ɔikɔta:nikɔ/	akÊ[Ð_ÞL	/bɔhuta:nikɔ/
ÒSÔº	/ʤjɔiṣʈhɔ/	L_Þº	/kɔnisʈhɔ/
lc[Ð	/kṣɔmɔta:/	@lc[Ð	/ɔkṣɔmɔta:/
lZÞL	/kṣɔɳikɔ/	QÞe«_	/tʃirɔntɔnɔ/
MÐm	/kha:lɔ/	YÞ`	/ṛipɔ/
NZ[§	/gɔɳɔtɔntrɔ/	eÐS[§	/ra:ʤɔtɔntrɔ/
N]Ô	/gɔdjɔ/	`]Ô	/pɔdjɔ/
DWÐZÞ	/uʈha:ɳi/	NXÏÐZÞ	/gɔṛa:ɳi/
NЯL	/ga:jɔkɔ/	`ÐfÞA	/pa:ɭia:/
NÊeÊ	/guru/	hÞiÔ, mOÊ	/śiṣjɔ/, /lɔghu/
ÒNßÐZ	/gɔuɳɔ/	cËMÔ	/mu:khjɔ/
O_	/ghɔnɔ/	[ef	/tɔrɔɭɔ/
OÐ[	/gha:tɔ/	`Í[ÞOÐ[	/prɔtigha:tɔ/
mcéÐ	/lɔmwa:/	QDXÏÐ	/tʃɔuṛa:/
Qqf	/tʃɔɲtʃɔɭɔ/	^Ñe	/dhi:rɔ/
mÐb	/la:bhɔ/	l[Þ	/kṣɔti/
lc	/kṣɔmɔ/	@lc	/ɔkṣɔmɔ/
l¯	/kṣɔjɔ/	aówÞ	/brɨddhi/
MeÐ	/khɔra:/	aiÐà	/bɔrṣa:/
NZÔ	/gɔɳjɔ/	_NZÔ	/nɔgɔɳjɔ/
MÐ]Ô	/kha:djɔ/	@MÐ]Ô	/ɔkha:djɔ/
jÊM	/sukhɔ/	]ÊÓM	/duʔkhɔ/
^_Ñ	/dhɔni:/	NeÞa	/gɔribɔ/
Oe	/ghɔrɔ/	aÐkÐe	/ba:ha:rɔ/
Qf	/tʃɔɭɔ/	@Qf	/ɔtʃɔɭɔ/
QÞkðÐ	/tʃihna:/	@QÞkðÐ	/ɔtʃihna:/
RÞ_ð	/tʃhihnɔ/	@RÞ_ð	/ɔtʃhihnɔ/
SÑa	/ʤi:bɔ/	_ÞSÑàa	/nirʤi:bɔ/
VÐZÞaÐ	/ʈa:ɳiba:/	JVÐeÞaÐ	/oʈa:riba:/
WÞLç	/ʈhik/	bÊmç	/bhul/
MÐm	/kha:lɔ/	YÞ`	/ɖhipɔ/
QÞeyЯÑ	/tʃirɔstha:ji:/	lZyЯÑ	/kṣɔɳɔstha:ji:/
RÊAÜ	/tʃhua:ɱ/	@RÊAÜ	/ɔtʃhua:ɱ/
SZÐ	/ʤɔɳa:/	@SZÐ	/ɔʤɔɳa:/
SÐNÍ[	/ʤa:grɔtɔ/	jÊ©	/suptɔ/
SÞaÞ[	/ʤibitɔ/	có[	/mrɨtɔ/
SÑa_	/ʤi:bɔnɔ/	ceZ	/mɔrɔɳɔ/
sÐ[	/ʤɲa:tɔ/	@sÐ[	/ɔʤɲa:tɔ/
[f	/tɔɭɔ/	D`e	/upɔrɔ/
\¨Ð	/thɔɳɖa:/	Nec	/gɔrɔmɔ/
]¨	/dɔɳɖɔ/	`Êe²Ðe	/purɔska:rɔ/
]¯ÐfÊ	/dɔja:ɭu/	_Þ~à¯	/nirdɔjɔ/
^cà	/dhɔrmɔ/	@^cà	/ɔdhɔrmɔ/
[ÔÐN	/tja:gɔ/	NÍkZ	/grɔhɔɳɔ/
\¯	/thɔjɔ/	@\¯	/ɔthɔjɔ/
]Þ_	/dinɔ/	eÐ[Þ	/ra:ti/
Ò]a	/debɔ/	]Ð_a	/da:nɔbɔ/
Ò]h	/deśɔ/	aÞÒ]h	/bideśɔ/
_ЪÞL	/na:stikɔ/	AªÞL	/a:stikɔ/
_Þ]Ð	/nidɔ/	Ò`ÐmÐ	/pola:/
_ËA	/nu:a:/	`ÊeÊZÐ	/puruɳa:/
`jt	/pɔsɔndɔ/	@`jt	/ɔpɔsɔndɔ/
`Êe²Ðe	/purɔska:rɔ/	[Þe²Ðe	/tirɔska:rɔ/
_ÞtÐ	/ninda:/	`ÍhÕjÐ	/prɔśɔnsa:/
_ÞS	/niʤɔ/	`e	/pɔrɔ/
`Þͯ	/prijɔ/	@`Þͯ	/ɔprijɔ/
jaf	/sɔbɔɭɔ/	]Êaàf	/durbɔɭɔ/
`ÊeÐ[_, `ÍÐQÑ_ /pura:tɔnɔ/, /pra:tʃi:nɔ/ _Ë[_, @aÐàQÑ_ /nu:tɔnɔ/, /ɔrba:tʃi:nɔ/
jÐle	/sa:kṣɔrɔ/	_Þele	/nirɔkṣɔrɔ/
_Ñ[Þ	/ni:ti/	@_Ñ[Þ	/ɔni:ti/
`eÞQÞ[	/pɔritʃitɔ/	@`eÞQÞ[	/ɔpɔritʃitɔ/
_Þ¾Þ«	/niśtʃintɔ/	QÞ«Þ[	/tʃintitɔ/
`Ð`	/pa:pɔ/	`ËZÔ	/pu:ɳjɔ/
`ËaÐàkð	/pu:rba:hnɔ/	@`eÐkð	/ɔpɔra:hnɔ/
_ÞhéÐj	/niśwɔsɔ/	`ÍhéÐj	/prɔśwɔsɔ/
`ÍÐLó[ÞL	/pra:krɨtikɔ/	Ló[ÍÞc	/krɨtrimɔ/
`ÍÒah	/prɔbeśɔ/	`ÍyÐ_	/prɔstha:nɔ/
bÐa	/bha:bɔ/	@bÐa	/ɔbha:bɔ/
@_Êe¦	/ɔnurɔktɔ/	aÞe¦	/birɔktɔ/
aówÞ	/brɨddhi/	kÍÐj	/hra:sɔ/
aÔ\à	/bjɔrthɔ/	@aÔ\à	/ɔbjɔrthɔ/
b]Í	/bhɔdrɔ/	@b]Í	/ɔbhɔdrɔ/
c=f	/mɔŋgɔɭɔ/	@c=f	/ɔmɔŋgɔɭɔ/
bm	/bhɔlɔ/	ct	/mɔndɔ/
b¯	/bhɔjɔ/	_Þbà¯	/nirbhɔjɔ/
bÊmç	/bhul/	_ÞbÊàmç	/nirbhul/
hªÐ	/śɔsta:/	ck=Ð	/mɔhɔŋga:/
cÐ_	/ma:nɔ/	@`cÐ_	/ɔpɔma:nɔ/
j[	/sɔtɔ/	cÞR	/mitʃhɔ/
cÞf_	/miɭɔnɔ/	aÞÒo]	/bitʃtʃhedɔ/
có[	/mrɨtɔ/	SÑaÞ[	/ʤi:bitɔ/
]Þ_	/dinɔ/	eÐ[Þ	/ra:ti/
eÐSÐ	/ra:ʤa:/	`ÍSÐ	/prɔʤa:/
ÒdÐN	/ʤogɔ/	aÞÒdÐN	/biʤogɔ/
h[ÍÊ	/śɔtru/	cÞ[Í	/mitrɔ/
hЫÞ	/śa:nti/	@hЫÞ	/ɔśa:nti/
cÞWÐ	/miʈha:/	MVÐ	/khɔʈa:/
j[Ô	/sɔtjɔ/	cÞ\ÔÐ	/mithja:/
cÊMÔ	/mukhjɔ/	ÒNßÐZ	/gɔuɳɔ/
dh	/ʤɔśɔ/	@`dh	/ɔpɔʤɔśɔ/
ÒdÐNÔ	/ʤogjɔ/	@ÒdÐNÔ	/ɔʤogjɔ/
elL	/rɔkṣɔkɔ/	blL	/bhɔkṣɔkɔ/
eÐSÞ	/ra:ʤi/	@eÐSÞ	/ɔra:ʤi/
ÒeÐNÑ	/rogi:/	_ÞÒeÐNÑ	/nirogi:/
mOÊ`ÐL	/lɔghupa:kɔ/	NÊeÊ`ÐL	/gurupa:kɔ/
hv	/śɔbdɔ/	_Þhv	/niśɔbdɔ/
hÐ`	/śa:pɔ/	ae	/bɔrɔ/
hÐeÑeÞL	/śa:ri:rikɔ/	cÐ_jÞL	/ma:nɔsikɔ/
hÞlL	/śikṣɔkɔ/	RÐ[Í	/tʃha:trɔ/
hÞ½	/śiṣʈɔ/	]ʽ	/duṣʈɔ/
hÑf	/śi:ɭɔ/	@hÑf	/ɔśi:ɔ/
hÊZÐ	/śuɳa:/	@hÊZÐ	/ɔśuɳa:/
hË_Ô	/śu:njɔ/	`ËÀà	/pu:rɳɔ/
jS	/sɔʤɔ/	aÐjÞ	/ba:si/
j[	/sɔtɔ/	cÞR	/mitʃhɔ/
hìÑf	/śɭ:ɭɔ/	@hìÑf	/ɔśɭi:ɭɔ/
j^aÐ	/sɔdhɔba:/	aÞ^aÐ	/bidhɔba:/
j$f	/sɔphɔɭɔ/	aÞ$f	/biphɔɭɔ/
jc\à	/sɔmɔrthɔ/	@jc\à	/ɔsɔmɔrthɔ/
jef /sɔrɔɭɔ/               SVÞf, LÊVÞf, aLÍ /ʤɔʈiɭɔ/, /kuʈiɭɔ/, /bɔkrɔ/
jeÐN	/sɔra:gɔ/	aÞeÐN	/bira:gɔ/
hÐhé[	/śa:śwɔtɔ/	_hée	/nɔśwɔrɔ/
hÞlÐ	/śikṣa:/	@hÞlÐ	/ɔśikṣa:/
hÞa	/śibɔ/	@hÞa	/ɔśibɔ/
hÞiÔ	/śiṣjɔ/	NÊeÊ	/guru/
hÑ[f	/śi:tɔɭɔ/	Diê	/uṣmɔ/
jNc	/sɔgɔmɔ/	]ÊNàc	/durgɔmɔ/
j³_	/sɔʤʤɔnɔ/	]ʳà_	/durʤʤɔnɔ/
jbÔ	/sɔbhjɔ/	@jbÔ	/ɔsɔbhjɔ/
jc	/sɔmɔ/	aÞic	/biṣɔmɔ/
jc¯	/sɔmɔjɔ/	@jc¯	/ɔsɔmɔjɔ/
jej	/sɔrɔsɔ/	_Ñej	/ni:rɔsɔ/
jeÊ	/sɔru/	ÒcÐV	/moʈɔ/
hÍwÐ	/śrɔddha:/	OóZÐ	/ghrɨɳa:/
hÊ´	/śuṣkɔ/	A]Í	/a:drɔ/
jm³	/sɔlɔʤʤɔ/	_ÞmâàS	/nirllɔʤɔ/
jkÔ	/sɔhjɔ/	@jkÔ	/ɔsɔhjɔ/
jÕlÞ© 	/sɔṃkṣiptɔ/	aÞªó[,aÞlÞ©   /bistrɨtɔ/, /bikṣiptɔ/
jÐ^Ê	/sa:dhu/	@jÐ^Ê	/ɔsa:dhu/
jÐcÐ_Ô	/sa:ma:njɔ/	@jÐcÐ_Ô	/ɔsa:ma:njɔ/
jÐ_	/sa:nɔ/	aXÏ	/bɔṛɔ/
jÊte	/sundɔrɔ/	@jÊte	/ɔsundɔrɔ/
yЯÑ	/stha:ji:/	@yЯÑ	/ɔstha:ji:/
jó½Þ	/srɨṣʈi/	`Íf¯	/prɔɭɔjɔ/
jé[§	/swɔtɔntrɔ/	`e[§	/pɔrɔtɔntrɔ/
kià	/hɔrṣɔ/	aÞiÐ]	/biṣa:dɔ/
kÜ	/hɔɱ/	_ÐkÞÜ	/na:hiɱ/
j¸ók	/sɔsprɨhɔ/	_Þ¸ók	/nisprɨhɔ/
jkS	/sɔhɔʤɔ/	LWÞ_	/kɔʈhinɔ/
jÐ^ÐeZ	/sa:dha:rɔɳɔ/	@jÐ^ÐeZ	/ɔsa:dha:rɔɳɔ/
jÐ^Ô	/sa:dhjɔ/	@jÐ^Ô	/ɔsa:dhjɔ/
jÕmNð	/sɔṃlɔgnɔ/	@jÕmNð	/ɔsɔṃlɔgnɔ/
jÕLÍcZ	/sɔṃkrɔmɔɳɔ/	_Þ´ÍcZ	/niṣkrɔmɔɳɔ/
jÞw	/siddhɔ/	@jÞw	/ɔsiddhɔ/
jÊ_Ðc	/suna:mɔ/	]Ê_Ðàc	/durna:mɔ/
kÐ_Þ	/ha:ni/	mÐb	/la:bhɔ/
jêeZ	/smɔrɔɳɔ/	aÞjêeZ	/bismɔrɔɳɔ/
jéLó[	/swɔkrɨtɔ/	]Ê´ó[	/duṣkrɨtɔ/
yÐae /stha:bɔrɔ/	    @yÐae, S=c  /ɔstha:bɔrɔ/, /ʤɔŋgɔmɔ/
kÐ_Þ	/ha:ni/	mÐb	/la:bhɔ/
kj	/hɔsɔ/	LÐt	/ka:ndɔ/
jÊhÞlÐ	/suśikṣa:/	LÊhÞlÐ	/kuśikṣa:/
kÞ[	/hitɔ/	@kÞ[	/ɔhitɔ/
kÑ_	/hi:nɔ/	ckÐ_	/mɔha:nɔ/
kÍÐj	/hra:sɔ/	aówÞ	/brɨddhi/
kÍjé	/hrɔswɔ/	]ÑOà	/di:rghɔ/
kÞÕjÐ	/hiṃsa:/	@kÞÕjÐ	/ɔhiṃsa:/

Collective Expressions (jc½ÞaÐQÏL hv)

@Ò_L ÒmÐL	/ɔnekɔ lokɔ/	 ↝ ‘a crowd/throng of people’
@_ÊQe ]f		/ɔnutʃɔrɔ dɔɔ/ 	↝ ‘a train/retinue of followers’
LcàQÐeÑ aNà	/kɔrmɔtʃa:ri: bɔrgɔ/ ↝ ‘a staff of officials’
S_jcÐÒah	/ʤɔnɔsɔma:beśɔ/  ↝ ‘a gathering/assembly of people’
S_jcÐS		/ʤɔnɔsɔma:ʤɔ/   ↝ ‘a community’
SÐ[ÞjÕO		/ʤa:tisɔŋghɔ/ 	↝ ‘a league of nations’
]Òf Òjß_ÞL	/dɔɭe sɔinikɔ/ ↝ ‘an army/parade/troop/muster/regiment/company’
]Òf ÒmÐL		/dɔɭe lokɔ/ 	    ↝ ‘a crowd/concourse/group of people’
]Ðhà_ÞL c¨fÑ	/da:rśɔnikɔ mɔɳɖɔɭi:/ ↝ ‘a school of thinkers’
`ËSLaót		/pu:ʤɔkɔbrɨndɔ/ ↝ ‘a congregation of worshippers’
`ÞhÐQjcËk		/piśa:tʃɔsɔmu:hɔ/ ↝ ‘a legion of devils’
ÒdÐXÏÐH ÒmÐL	/ʤoṛa:e lokɔ/ ↝ ‘a couple of persons’
LÊLÊe `m		/kukurɔ pɔlɔ/ ↝ ‘a kernel of dogs’
MÐÒfBH cÐR	/kha:ɭeie ma:tʃhɔ/ ↝ ‘a haul of fish’
NÊXÏÞH chÐ		/guṛie mɔśa:/ ↝  ‘a cloud of mosquitoes’
NÊXÏÐH LÊLÊXÏÐ	/guṛa:e kukuṛa:/ ↝ ‘a brood of hens’
`Òm cÐ*XÏ		/pɔle ma:ŋkɔṛɔ/ ↝ ‘a troop of monkeys’
`%ÐH cÐR		/pɔɲʤha:e ma:tʃhɔ/ ↝ ‘a shoal of fish’
ctÐH `ÞÕ`ÊXÏÞ	/mɔnda:e piŋpuṛi/ ↝ ‘a nest of ants’
cjúÔeÐhÞ		/mɔtsjɔra:śi/ ↝ ‘a family of fishes’
kÒf af]		/hɔɭe bɔɭɔdɔ/ ↝ ‘a yoke/team of oxen’
HL ÒLÐXÏÞ Acé	/ekɔ koṛi a:mwɔ/ ↝ ‘a score of mangoes’
LÐtÞH/Ò$ZÐH L]fÑ	/ka:ndie, pheɳa:e kɔdɔɭi:/ ↝ ‘a bunch of bananas’
ÒLeÐH OÐj	/kera:e gha:sɔ/ ↝ ‘a tuft of grass’
Nkc NÊo		/gɔhɔmɔ gutʃtʃhɔ/ 	↝ ‘a sheaf of wheat’
^ÐXÏÞH NR		/dha:ṛie gɔtʃhɔ/ 	↝ ‘a row of trees’
Ò`xÐH $Êm		/pentha:e phulɔ/ 		↝ ‘a bunch of flowers’
$ÊmÒ[ÐXÏÐ		/phulɔtoṛa:/ 		↝ ‘a bouquet of flowers’
aÞXÏÐH ^Ð_		/biṛa:e dha:nɔ/ 		↝ ‘a sheaf paddy’
`[ÍjcËk		/pɔtrɔsɔmu:hɔ/ 		↝ ‘foliage’
@^Òje QÐDf	/ɔdhɔserɔ tʃa:uɭɔ/ 	↝ ‘half a measure of rice’’
@jeÐH aiàÐ	/ɔsɔra:e bɔrṣa:/ 		↝ ‘a shower of rain’
A&ÊfÐH `ÐZÞ	/a:nʤuɭa:e pa:ɳi/ 	↝ ‘a handful of water’
HL `ÞAmÐ QÐ	/ekɔ pia:la: tʃa:/ 		↝ ‘a cup of tea’
kÒf ÒdÐ[Ð		/hɔɭe ʤota:/ 		↝ ‘a pair of shoes’
jÒtke Ò]ÐfÐ	/sɔndehɔrɔ doɭa:/ 	↝ ‘a cloud of doubts’
cʨÐH jÊ_Ð		/muɳɖa:e suna:/ 		↝ ‘a mass of gold’
aÐmÞªÊ`		/ba:listupɔ/ 			↝ ‘a heap of sand’
cÐWÞAH ckÊ	/ma:ʈhia:e mɔhu/ 		↝ ‘a jar of honey’
cʨÐH _ÞAÜ		/muɳɖa:e nia:ɱ/ 		↝ ‘a chunk of fire’
ÒcqÐH mkÊZÑ	/mentʃa:e lɔhuɳi:/ 	↝ ‘a pat of butter’
ÒcqÐH NÊX, QÞ_Þ, LÐ]Ê@ /mentʃa:e guɖɔ, tʃini, ka:duɔ/ ↝ ‘a lump of molasses, sugar, clay’
Ò`xÐH QÐaÞLÐWÞ	/pentha:e tʃa:bika:ʈhi/ ↝ ‘a bunch of keys’

Same meaning with several words (HLÐ\àL hv)

• @NðÞ /ɔgni/ Fire: @_f /ɔnɔɭɔ/, AhͯÐh /a:śrɔjaśɔ/, LóiÐ_Ê /krɨṣa:nu/, _ÞAÜ /nia:ɱ/, `ÐaL /pa:bɔkɔ/, akðÞ /bɔhni/, ÒaßhéÐ_e /bɔśwa:nɔrɔ/, ÒeÐkÞ[Ðhé /rohita:śwɔ/, hÊiêÐ /śuṣka:/, kaÔaÐk_ /hɔbjɔba:hɔnɔ/
• @NÍ /ɔgrɔ/ The Foremost: Drc /uttɔmɔ/, `eÐOà /pɔra:rg^hɔ/, `Í^Ð_ /prɔd<sup>h</sup>anɔ/, `ÍÒaL /prɔbekɔ/, `ÍcÊM /prɔmuk<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, `ÍÐNÍke /pra:grɔhɔrɔ/, aÒeZÔ jMÔ /bɔreɳjɔ sɔk^hjɔ/ @_ÊLÕ`Ð /ɔnukɔmpa:/ Mercy: @_ÊÒLÐÍh /ɔnukrośɔ/, LeÊZÐ /kɔruɳa:/, LÐeÊZÔ /ka:ruɳjɔ/, Ló`Ð /krɨpa:/, ]¯Ð /dɔja:/
• @bÞs /ɔb^hiʤɲɔ/ Expert: LÊhf /kuśɔɭɔ/, Ló[cÊM /krɨtɔmuk^hɔ/, Ló[Þ /krɨti/, _Þ`ÊZ /nipuɳɔ/, `ÍaÑZ /prɔbi:ɳɔ/, aÞs /biʤɲɔ/, hÞlÞ[ /śikṣitɔ/
• @jÊe /ɔsurɔ/ Demon: BtÍÐeÞ /indra:ri/, ]_ÊS /dɔnuʤɔ/, ]Ð_a /da:nɔbɔ/, ]Þ[ÞjÊ[ /ditisutɔ/, Ò]ßÒ[¯ /dɔitejɔ/, Ò]ß[Ô /dɔitjɔ/, hÊLÍhÞiÔ /śukrɔśiṣjɔ/
• ALÐh /a:ka:śɔ/ Sky: @_« /ɔnɔntɔ/, @«eÑl /ɔntɔri:kṣɔ/, @bÍ /ɔb^hrɔ/, @cée /ɔmbɔrɔ/, NN_ /gɔgɔnɔ/, _b /nɔb^hɔ/, `Ê´e /puṣkɔrɔ/, aÞ»Ê`] /biṣnupɔdɔ/, ÒaÔÐc /bjomɔ/
• AMÞ /a:k^hi/ Eye: @lÞ /ɔkṣi/, ClZ /i:kṣɔɳɔ/, QlÊ /tʃɔkṣu/, ]óLç /drɨk/, ]ó½Þ /drɨṣʈi/, _¯_ /nɔjɔnɔ/, Ò_[Í /netrɔ/, ÒmÐQ_ /lotʃɔnɔ/
• BoÐ /itʃtʃ^ha:/ Desire: @bÞfÐi /ɔb^hiɭa:ṣa:/, ALÐÕlÐ /a:ka:mkṣa:/, CkÐ /i:ha:/, [ià /tɔrṣɔ/, aÐ}Ð /ba:ntʃ^ha:/, cÒ_Ðe\ /mɔnorɔt^hɔ/, mÞ`çjÐ /lipsa:/, ¸ókÐ /sprɨha:/
• BtÍ /indrɔ/ God Indra of Indian Mythology: Ò]ÒaeÐS /debera:ʤɔ/, aSÍ`ÐZÞ /bɔʤrɔpa:ɳi/, cOaÐ /mɔg^hɔba:/, cÒktÍ /mɔhendrɔ/, ÒcOaÐk_ /meg^hɔba:hɔnɔ/, hQÑ`[Þ /śɔtʃi:pɔti/, jkjÍÐl /sɔhɔsra:kṣɔ/, jÊ_ÐjÑe /suna:si:rɔ/, jÊe`[Þ /surɔpɔti/, keÞk¯ /hɔrihɔjɔ/
• ÒLÐLÞf /kokiɭɔ/ Cuckoo: LfL /kɔɭɔkɔɳʈ^hɔ/, LÐL`ʽ /ka:kpuṣʈɔ/, `ebó[ /pɔrɔb^hrɨtɔ/, `e`ó½ /pɔrɔprɨṣʈɔ/, `ÞL /pikɔ/, a_`ÍÞ¯ /bɔnɔprijɔ/, aj«]Ë[ /bɔsɔntɔdu:tɔ/
• N=Ð /gɔŋga:/ The river Ganges: @fL_tÐ /ɔɭɔka:nɔnda:/, SkðÊ[_¯Ð /ʤɔhnutɔnɔja:/, SÐkðaÑ /ʤa:hnɔbi:/, [ÍÑ`\NÐ /tri:pɔt<sup>h</sup>ɔga:/, bÐNÑe\Ñ /b<sup>h</sup>a:gi:rɔt<sup>h</sup>i:/, bÑiêjË /b<sup>h</sup>i:ṣmɔsu:/, aÞ»Ê`]Ñ /biṣnupɔdi:/, jeÞ]çaeÐ /sɔridbɔra:/
• NÒZi /gɔɳeṣɔ/ Lord Ganesha (God of Education and the son of Lord Shiva): HL]« /ekɔdɔntɔ/, NSÐ__ /gɔʤa:nɔnɔ/, NSÐjÔ /gɔda:sjɔ/, NZÐ^Þ` /gɔɳa:d<sup>h</sup>ipɔ/, aÞOðeÐS /big<sup>h</sup>nɔra:ʤɔ/, aÞÒOðh /big<sup>h</sup>neśɔ/, aÞ_ЯL /bina:jɔkɔ/, mÒcÐé]e /lɔmbodɔrɔ/
• NÐC /ga:i:/ Cow: DjÍÐ /usra:/, NÐaÑ /ga:bi:/, NÐbÑ /ga:b<sup>h</sup>i:/, ÒNÐcÐ[Ð /goma:ta:/, Ò^_Ê /d<sup>h</sup>enu/, cÐÒk¯Ñ /ma:heji:/, ÒeÐkÞZÑ /rohiɳi:/, hó=ÞZÑ /śrɨŋgiɳi/, ÒjßÐeÒb¯Ñ /sɔurɔb<sup>h</sup>eji:/
• NÊeÊ /guru/ Teacher: A=Þej /a:ŋgirɔsɔ/, NÑ`à[Þ /gi:rpɔti/, ^ÞiZ /d^hiṣɔɳɔ/, aók¸[Þ /brɨhɔspɔti/, hÞM¨ÞS /śik^hɔɳɖiʤɔ/, hÞlL /śikṣɔkɔ/, Òhͺ /śreṣʈ^hɔ/, jÊeÐQÐdÔà /sura:tʃa:rʤjɔ/
• Oe /g^hɔrɔ/ House: ANÐe /a:ga:rɔ/, Af¯ /a:ɭɔjɔ/, Nók /grɨhɔ/, _ÞLÐdÔ /nika:ʤjɔ/, _ÞÒL[_ /niketɔnɔ/, _Þf¯ /niɭɔjɔ/, _ÞhЫ /niśa:ntɔ/, ba_ /b^hɔbɔnɔ/, j]_ /sɔdɔnɔ/, j]ê /sɔdmɔ/
• ÒOÐXÏÐ /g^hoṛa:/ Horse: @hé /ɔśwɔ/, ÒOÐVL /g^hoʈɔkɔ/, [ÊeN /turɔgɔ/, [Êe=c /turɔŋgɔmɔ/, `Ñ[Þ /pri:ti/, aÐk /ba:hɔ/, Òjßua /sɔind<sup>h</sup>bɔ/, k¯ /hɔjɔ/
• QtÍ /tʃɔndrɔ/ The Moon: BtÊ /indu/, Ji^Ñi /oṣɔd<sup>h</sup>i:ṣɔ/, LfÐ_Þ^Þ /kɔɭa:nid<sup>h</sup>i/, QtÍcÐ /tʃɔndrɔma:/, Skð /ʤɔhnɔ/, ]ÞéSeÐS /dwiʤɔra:ʤɔ/, _lÒ[Íh /nɔkṣɔtreśɔ/, cóNÐ* /mrɨga:ŋkɔ/, eÞkÞZÞh /rihiɳiṣɔ/, haàeÑh /śɔrbɔri:śɔ/, hh^e /śɔśɔd<sup>h</sup>ɔrɔ/, hhÐ* /śɔśa:ŋkɔ/, hhÞ /śɔśi/, hÑ[bÐ_Ê /śitɔb<sup>h</sup>a:nu/, hÊbÍÐÕhÊ /śub<sup>h</sup>ra:nśu/, jÊ^Ð^Ðe /sud<sup>h</sup>a:d<sup>h</sup>a:rɔ/, jÊ^ÐÕhÊ /sud<sup>h</sup>a:nśu/, kÞcÐÕhÊ /himanśu/
• Sf /ʤɔɭɔ/ Water: @céÊD]L /ɔmbuudɔkɔ/, O_ej /g<sup>h</sup>ɔnɔrɔsɔ/, Ò[Я /tojɔ/, _Ñe /ni:rɔ/, `¯ /pɔjɔ/, `ÐZÞ /pa:ɳi/, `Ð_ѯ /pa:ni:jɔ/, aÐeÞ /ba:ri/, ÒcO`ʹ /meg<sup>h</sup>ɔpuṣpɔ/, hcée /śɔmbɔrɔ/, jmÞf /sɔliɭɔ/
• ]Þ_ /dinɔ/ Day: @k /ɔhɔ/, OjÍ /g<sup>h</sup>ɔsrɔ/, ]Þaj /dibɔsɔ/, aÐje /ba:sɔrɔ/
• ]Êe /durɔ/ Distant: @_Ðj_ð /ɔna:sɔnnɔ/, @j_ÞLó½ /ɔsɔnikrɨṣʈɔ/, aÞ`ÍLó½ /biprɔkrɨṣʈɔ/
• _]Ñ /nɔdi:/ River: [VÞ_Ñ /tɔʈini:/, [e=ÞZÑ /tɔrɔŋgiɳi:/, ]Þé`a[Ñ /dwipɔbɔti:/, ^Ê_Ñ /d<sup>h</sup>uni:/, _C /nɔi:/, _ÞcNðÐ /nimɔgna:/, ÒhßafÞ_Ñ /śɔibɔɭini:/, jeÞ[ç /sɔrit/, ÒjÐÍ[jé[Ñ /srotɔswɔti:/ _ÞLV /nikɔʈɔ/ Near: @«ÞL /ɔntikɔ/, Aj_ð /a:sɔnnɔ/, D`L /upɔkɔɳʈ^hɔ/, jÒ]h /sɔdeśɔ/, j_ÑXÏ /sɔniṛɔ/, jcdÔÐà]Ð /sɔmɔrja:da:/, jcÑ` /sɔmi:pɔ/, jÕ_ÞLó½ /sɔmnikrɨśʈɔ/
• `lÑ /pɔkṣi:/ Bird: @¨S /ɔɳɖɔʤɔ/, MN /k^hɔgɔ/, NeÊcúÐ_ /gɔrutma:nɔ/, ]ÞéS /dwiʤɔ/, `[N /pɔtɔgɔ/, `[Íe\ /pɔtrɔrɔt^hɔ/, aÞk= /bihɔŋgɔ/, aÞk=c /bihɔŋgɔmɔ/, hLÊ« /śɔkuntɔ/ `¨Þ[/pɔɳɖitɔ/ Scholar: ÒLÐaÞ] /kobidɔ/, sÐ_Ñ /gɲa:ni:/, ]ÑOà]hÑà /di:rg<sup>h</sup>ɔdɔrśi:/, ]Ëe]hÑà /du:rɔdɔrśi:/, Ò]Ðis /doṣɔgɲɔ/, ^Ñe /d<sup>h</sup>i:rɔ/, aÞs aÞkéÐ_ /bigɲɔ bidwa:nɔ/, aÊ^ /bud<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, c_ÑiÑ /mɔni:ṣi:/
• `]ê /pɔdmɔ/ The Lotus: @eaÞt /ɔrɔbindɔ/, Lcf /kɔmɔɭɔ/, _fÞ_ /nɔɭinɔ/, _ÑeS /ni:rɔʤɔ/, `*S /pɔŋkɔʤɔ/, a_S /bɔnɔʤɔ/, a_SÞ_Ñ /bɔnɔʤini:/, aÐeÞS /ba:riʤɔ/, cÒkÐ`úf /mɔhotpɔɭɔ/, eÐSÑa /ra:ʤi:bɔ/, hÍÑaÐj /śri:ba:sɔ/, jÒeÐS /sɔroʤɔ/, jejÑeÊk /sɔrɔsi:ruhɔ/, jej /sɔrɔsɔ/
• `a_ /pɔbɔnɔ/ Wind: @_Þf /ɔniɭɔ/, AhÊN /a:śugɔ/, NuaÐk /gɔnd<sup>h</sup>ɔba:hɔ/, _bjéÐ_ /nɔb<sup>h</sup>ɔswa:nɔ/, `acÐ_ /pɔbɔma:nɔ/, `Íb&_ /prɔb<sup>h</sup>ɔnʤnɔ/, aÐ¯Ê /ba:ju/, cÐeÊ[ /ma:rutɔ/, jcÑe /sɔmi:rɔ/
• `aà[ /pɔrbɔtɔ/ Mountain: @Qf /ɔtʃɔɭɔ/, @]ÍÑ /ɔdri:/, @kÐdÔà /ɔha:rʤjɔ/, @kÑaÍ /ɔhi:brɔ/, NÞeÞ /giri/, bË^e /b^hu:d^hɔrɔ/, bËbó[ç /b^hu:b^hrɨtɔ/, ckÑ^e /mɔhi:d^hɔrɔ/, hÞMeÑ /śik^hɔri:/, hÞÒfÐn¯ /śiɭotʃtʃɔjɔ/, Òhßf /śɔiɭɔ/
• `Þ[Ð /pita:/ Father: S_L /ʤɔnɔkɔ/, S_Þ[Ð /ʤɔnita:/, `ÍjaÞ[Ð /prɔsɔbita:/, `ÍjaÑ /prɔsɔbi/, [Ð[ /ta:tɔ/
• `ó\ÞaÑ /prɨt^hibi:/ Earth: @QfÐ /ɔtʃɔɭa:/, @_«Ð /ɔnɔnta:/, @a_Ñ /ɔbɔni:/, lÞ[Þ /kṣiti/, ^eZÑ /d^hɔrɔɳi:/, ^eÞ[ÍÑ /d^hɔritri:/, `ó\éÑ /prɨt<sup>h</sup>bi:/, ajÊ^Ð /bɔsud<sup>h</sup>a:/, ajÊueÐ /bɔsund<sup>h</sup>ɔra:/, ajÊc[Ñ /bɔsumɔti:/, aÞhéc÷eÐ /biśwɔmb<sup>h</sup>ɔra:/, bËcÞ /b<sup>h</sup>umi/, ckÑ /mɔhi:/, Òc]Þ_Ñ /medini:/, ejÐ /rɔsa:/, jaàÕjkÐ /sɔrbɔŋsɔha:/, jÊebÑ /surɔb<sup>h</sup>i:/, yÞe /st<sup>h</sup>irɔ/
• Ò`ÐMeÑ /pok^hɔri:/ Pond: LÐjÐe /ka:sa:rɔ/, SfÐh¯ /ʤɔɭa:śɔjɔ/, `Ê´eÞZÑ /puṣkriɳi:/, jeÓ /sɔrʔ/, jejÑ /sɔrɔsi:/, kÍ] /hrɔdɔ/
• $f /p<sup>h</sup>ɔɭɔ/ Fruit/Outcome: @^ÞL /ɔd<sup>h</sup>ikɔ/, LÐdÔàjÞwÞ /ka:rjɔsidd<sup>h</sup>i/, `eÞZÐc /pɔriɳa:mɔ/, cÑcÐÕjÐ /mi:ma:ŋsa:/, mÐb /la:b^hɔ/, kÞ[ /hitɔ/
• $Êm /p^hulɔ/ Flower: LÊjÊc /kusumɔ/, `ʹ /puṣpɔ/, `ÍjË_ /prɔsu:nɔ/, jÊc /sumɔ/, jÊc_ /sumɔnɔ/
• aSÍ /bɔʤrɔ/ The weapon of Lord Indra/Strong: @h_Þ /ɔśɔni/, LÊfÞh /kuɭiśɔ/, ]ÒcÐ÷fÞ /dɔmb^hoɭi/, `aÞ /pɔbi/, bÞ]Êe /b<sup>h</sup>idurɔ/, h[^Ðe /śɔtɔd<sup>h</sup>a:rɔ/, hc÷ /śɔmb<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, kâÐ]Þ_Þ /hla:dini/ a_ /bɔnɔ/ Forest: @VaÑ /ɔʈɔbi:/, @eZÔ /ɔrɔɳjɔ/, LÐ__ /ka:nɔnɔ/, Nk_ /gɔhɔnɔ/, aZ /bɔɳɔ/, aÞ`Þ_ /bipinɔ/
• c_ÊiÔ /mɔnuṣjɔ/ Man/Human Being: _e /nɔrɔ/, cZÞi /mɔɳiṣɔ/, c_ÊS /mɔnuʤɔ/, crÔà /mɔrttjɔ/, cÐ_a /ma:nɔbɔ/, cÐ_Êiç /ma:nuṣ/
• aÞ»Ê /biṣɳu/ Lord Bishnu of Mythology: @QÔÊ[ /ɔtʃjutɔ/, A]ÞÒ]a /a:didebɔ/, DÒ`tÍ /upendrɔ/, Ló» /krɨṣɳɔ/, ÒLha /keśɔbɔ/, ÒNÐaÞt /gobindɔ/, QLÍ^e /tʃɔkrɔd<sup>h</sup>ɔrɔ/, SN_ðÐ\ /ʤɔgɔnna:t<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, ]ÐÒcÐ]e /da:modɔrɔ/, _ÐeЯZ /na:ra:jɔɳɔ/, `]ê_Ðb /pɔdmɔna:b^hɔ/, `Ñ[Ðcée /pi:ta:mbɔrɔ/, `ÊeÊÒiÐrc /puruṣottɔmɔ/, a_cÐfÑ /bɔnɔma:ɭi:/, aÐjÊÒ]a /ba:sudebɔ/, cÐ^a /ma:d^hɔbɔ/, hÍÑ`[Þ /śri:pɔti/, kóiÑÒLh /hrɨṣi:keśɔ/
• c¯Ëe /mɔju:rɔ/ Peacock: ÒLLÑ /keki:/, _ÑfL /ni:ɭɔkɔɳʈ<sup>h</sup>ɔ/, akÞàZ /bɔrhiɳɔ/, akÑà /bɔrhi:/, bÊS=bÊLç /b<sup>h</sup>uʤɔŋgɔb<sup>h</sup>uk/, hÞMÐaf /śik<sup>h</sup>a:bɔɭɔ/, hÞMÑ /śik<sup>h</sup>i:/
• cÐ[Ð /ma:ta:/ Mother: S__Ñ /ʤɔnɔni:/, S_¯Þ[Ð /ʤɔnɔjita:/, S_ÞLÐ /ʤɔnika:/, S_Ñ /ʤɔni:/, S_Þ
[ÍÑ /ʤɔnitri:/, S_¯Ñ[ÍÑ /ʤɔnɔji:tri:/, `ÍjaÞ[ÍÑ /prɔsɔbitri:/, `ÍjË /prɔsu:/
• cóN /mrɨgɔ/ Deer: @SÞ_ /ɔʤinɔ/, ÒdÐ_Þ /ʤoni/, LÊe= /kurɔŋgɔ/, Ló»jÐe /krɨṣɳɔsa:rɔ/, aÐ[Ð¯Ê /ba:ta:ju/, keÞZ /hɔriɳɔ/
• ÒcO /meg<sup>h</sup>ɔ/ Cloud: @céÊ] /ɔmbudɔ/, O_ /g<sup>h</sup>ɔnɔ/, Sf^e /ʤɔɭɔd<sup>h</sup>ɔrɔ/, SÑcË[ /ʤi:mu:tɔ/, ^ÐeÐ^e /d<sup>h</sup>a:ra:d<sup>h</sup>ɔrɔ/, ^ËcÒdÐ_Þ /d<sup>h</sup>u:mɔʤoni/, _Ñe] /ni:rɔdɔ/, `Ò¯Ð] /pɔjodɔ/, `Ò¯Ð^e /pɔjod<sup>h</sup>ɔrɔ/, aÐeÞ] /ba:ridɔ/, aÐeÞaÐk /ba:riba:hɔ/, afÐkL /bɔɭa:hɔkɔ/, cÊ]Þe /mudirɔ/
• eÐ[ÍÞ /ra:tri/ Night: [cjÞé_Þ /tɔmɔswini/, [ÞÍdÐcÐ /triʤa:ma:/, _ÞhÐ /niśa:/, _ÞhÑ\Þ_Ñ /niśi:t<sup>h</sup>ini:/, aÞbÐaeÑ /bib<sup>h</sup>a:bɔri:/, dÐcÞ_Ñ /ʤa:mini:/, eS_Ñ /rɔʤɔni:/, haàeÑ /śɔrbɔri:/, hÔÐcÐ /śja:ma:/
• hÑOÍ /śi:g<sup>h</sup>rɔ/ Quick: @aÞfcÞé[ /ɔbiɭɔmwitɔ/, @e /ɔrɔ/, AhÊ /a:śu/, lÞ`Í /kṣiprɔ/, Qqf /tʃɔɲtʃɔɭɔ/, Q`f /tʃɔpɔɭɔ/, [éeÞ[ /twɔritɔ/, ]ÍÊ[ /drutɔ/, j[ée /sɔtwɔrɔ/
• hÊLì /śukɭɔ/ White: @a]Ð[ /ɔbɔda:tɔ/, ÒNßÐe /gɔurɔ/, ^af^fÐ /d<sup>h</sup>ɔbɔɭɔd<sup>h</sup>ɔɭa:/, afl /bɔɭɔkṣɔ/, aÞh] /biśɔdɔ/, jÞ[ /sitɔ/, hÊbÍ /śub<sup>h</sup>rɔ/, Òhé[ /śwetɔ/
• hÞa /śibɔ/ Lord Shiva of Mythology: Ch /i:śɔ/, ChÐ_ /i:śa:nɔ/, DcÐ`[Þ /uma:pɔti/, LórÞaÐj /krɨttiba:sɔ/, N=Ð^e /gɔŋga:d^hɔrɔ/, [ÍÞÒmÐQ_ /trilotʃɔnɔ/, `hÊ`[Þ /pɔśupɔti/, ckÐÒ]a /mɔha:debɔ/, cÒkhée /mɔheśwɔrɔ/, có[ÔÊ&¯ /mrɨtjuɲʤɔjɔ/, eÊ]Í /rudrɔ/, h*e /śɔŋkɔrɔ/, hcéÊhËfÑ /śɔmwuśu:ɭi:/, hÍÑL /śri:kɔɳʈ^hɔ/
• jcÊ]Í /sɔmudrɔ/ Sea: @Ààa /ɔrɳɳɔbɔ/, @LË`Ðe /ɔku:pa:rɔ/, @céÊ^Þ /ɔmwud<sup>h</sup>i/, Sf_Þ^Þ /ʤɔɭɔnid<sup>h</sup>i/, Ò[Я_Þ^Þ /tojɔnid<sup>h</sup>i/, `Ò¯Ð_Þ^Þ /pɔjonid^hi/, `ÐeÐaÐe /pa:ra:ba:rɔ/, aÐeÞ^Þ /ba:rid<sup>h</sup>i/, aÐeÞ_Þ^Þ /ba:rinid<sup>h</sup>i/, cÒkÐ]^Þ /mɔhodɔd<sup>h</sup>i/, e_úÐLe /rɔtna:kɔrɔ/, jeÞ[ç`[Þ /sɔritpɔti/, jÐNe /sa:gɔrɔ/, jÞuÊ /sind^hu/
• jejé[Ñ /sɔrɔswɔti:/ Goddess Saraswati of Mythology: AdÔÐà /a:rʤja:/, ^éÑhéeÑ /d^hwi:śwɔri:/, aÐNçÒ]aÑ /ba:gdebi:/, aÐNÑhéeÑ /ba:gi:śwɔri:/, aÍÐkêÑ /bra:hmi:/, Òaà]NbÑà /rbedɔgɔrb^hi:/, bNa[Ñ /b^hɔgɔbɔti:/, bÐe[Ñ /b^ha:rɔti:/, ckÐaÐZÑ /mɔha:ba:ɳi:/, ckÐaÞ]ÔÐ /mɔha:bidja:/, hÐe]Ð /śa:rɔda:/ jÕjÐe /sɔnsa:rɔ/ World: SN[ /ʤɔgɔtɔ/, SN[Ñ /ʤɔgɔti:/, aÞ½` /biṣʈɔpɔ/, aÞhé /biwśɔ/, aÍkêШ /brɔhma:ɳɖɔ/, bËa_ /b<sup>h</sup>u:bɔnɔ/, ÒmÐL /lokɔ/
• jÞÕk /sinhɔ/ Lion: ÒLheÑ /keśɔri:/, `qÐjÔ /pɔɲtʃa;sjɔ/, `hÊeÐS /pɔśura:ʤɔ/, cóNeÐS /mrɨgɔra:ʤɔ/, cóÒNtÍ /mrɨgendrɔ/, kdÔàl /hɔrʤjɔkṣɔ/
• jÊte /sundɔrɔ/ Beautiful: LЫ /ka:ntɔ/, QÐeÊ /tʃa:ru/, c&Êf /mɔnʤuɭɔ/, cÒ_Ðs /mɔnoʤɲɔ/, cÒ_Ðec /mɔnorɔmɔ/, cÒ_Ðke /mɔnohɔrɔ/, eÊQÞe /rutʃirɔ/, ÒhÐb_ /śob<sup>h</sup>ɔnɔ/, jÊNc /sugɔmɔ/ jËdÔà /su:rʤjɔ/ sun: @dÔàcÐ /ɔrʤjɔma:/, @eÊZ /ɔruɳɔ/, A]Þ[Ô /a:ditjɔ/, NÍk`[Þ /grɔhɔpɔti/, [`_ /tɔpɔnɔ/, ]ÞaÐLe /diba:kɔrɔ/, `ÍbÐLe /prɔb^ha:kɔrɔ/, bÐ_Ê /b^ha:nu/, bвe /b^ha:skɔrɔ/, cÞkÞe /mihirɔ/, eaÞ /rɔbi/, jaÞ[Ð /sɔbita:/, jkjÍÐÕhÊ /sɔhɔsra:nśu/, jËe /su:rɔ/
• ±Ñ /stri:/ Wife/Better-half/Woman: @afÐ /ɔbɔɭa:/, LЫР/ka:nta:/, ÒlÐiÐ /kṣoṣa:/, SЯР/ʤa:ja:/, ]ÐeÐ /da:ra:/, _ÐeÑ /na:ri:/, `_úÑ /pɔtni:/, a^Ë /bɔd<sup>h</sup>u:/, a_Þ[Ð /bɔnita:/, aÐcÐ /ba:ma:/, bÐdÔÐà /b<sup>h</sup>a:rʤja:/, ckÞfÐ /mɔhiɭa:/
• jéÐcÑ /swa:mi:/ Husband/Man/Master/God: @^Þ` /ɔd^hipɔ/, ChÞ[Ð /i:śita:/, Chée /i:śwɔrɔ/, LЫ /ka:ntɔ/, ^a /d^hɔbɔ/, `[Þ /pɔti/, `ÍbÊ /prɔb^hu/, brÐà /b^hɔrtta:/
• kªÑ /hɔsti:/ Elephant: LeÞ /kɔri/, LÊ&e /kunʤɔrɔ/, NS /gɔʤɔ/, ]«Ðaf /dɔnta:bɔɭɔ/, ]«Ñ /dɔnti:/, ]éÞe] /dwirɔdɔ/, `]êÑ /pɔdmi:/, a_S /bɔnɔʤɔ/, aÐeZ /ba:rɔɳɔ/, crÕNS /mɔttɔmgɔʤɔ/, ªÒcéec /stɔmwerɔmɔ/, kÐ[Ñ /ha:ti:/

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