IV. SCRIPT & SPELLING
Origin of Oriya Script
The Oriya script was developed from the Kalinga script, one of the many descendents of the Brahmi script of ancient India. The earliest known inscription of Oriya language which is in the Kalinga script, dates back to 1051 A.D. However, the modern Oriya script is a descendant of the Brahmi script. It is related to the Brahmi script through the following intermediate states, such as
- Transitional Oriya
- Proto-Oriya
- LÊVÞf /kuʈiɭɔ/
- Gupta scripts
Different branches of Oriya Scripts:
(1st type) Brahmi script (500 BC to 300 BC)
guptɔ Brahmi script (300 BC to 500 AD)
Northern style Southern style
na:gɔri Proto-Bangla ʃa:rɔda: script
Assami Oriya Old Manipuri newa:ri
bra:hmɔɳi kɔrɔɳi
Gradual development of Oriya language
(2nd type) Brahmi (alphabets during the period of Ashok) 300B.C. to 300 A.D.
Northern style (300 A.D. to 600 A.D.) Southern style (300 A.D. to 500 A.D.)
Gupta lipi
Northern part Southern part
kuTilAkhyar (600 A.D. to 900 A.D.)
kaLinga and Middle-Indian
script
na:gɔri ʃa:rɔda: ba:ŋgla: meithili oṛia
Modern Oriya script toʃa:ɭi kɔɭiŋgɔ script
Notable features
- This is a syllabic alphabet in which all consonants have an inherent vowel. Diacritics, can appear above, below, before or after the consonant and they belong to and are used to change the inherent vowel.
- When they appear in the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent letters.
- When certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used which combine the essential parts of each letter.
- The curved appearance of the Oriya script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear if one uses too many straight lines.
- Oriya (JXÏÞA) letters are quite distinctive in their appearance. Unlike Devanagari and Bangla letters, they do not hang from a horizontal line. In place of a horizontal line there is a half-circle. This quality of the Oriya script seems to have developed from writing on palm leaves, which were the basic writing material in the earlier times. Palm leaves being extremely fragile, drawing horizontal lines on them while writing was avoided to save the leaves from splitting. In another view, however, this quality of the Oriya letters is seen as an influence of the Dravidian writing system.
- The character e /rɔ/ has four different forms such as LÍ /krɔ/, Là /rkɔ/, Ló /kru/, and ±/§ [/strɔ/ and /ntrɔ/]. For the first three cases, e /rɔ/ will be used for all the Oriya alphabets, whereas in the fourth case the given two are the only types of that kind where e /rɔ/ is used. However, in Ló /kru/, L + F, and not L + e + D are used.
- Unlike English writing, there is a great deal of correspondence between Oriya writing and pronunciation. The correspondence, however, is not total. Example, the two letters S /bɔrgjɔ dƷɔ/ and d /ɔbɔrgjɔ dƷɔ/. Both are pronounced alike but are written differently. Even h /ta:ɭɔbjɔ śɔ/, i /murdhɔnjɔ ṣɔ/, and j /dɔntjɔ sɔ/ are pronounced alike while they exist in words but are pronounced differently when they occur only as characters. However, they are written differently.
- Oriya shares the same phonetic character set and its behaviour with Sanskrit is same. Oriya has absorbed influence from other neighboring languages like Arabic, Persian, Portuguese and English. It has enriched its vocabulary with numerous words from several tribal languages. It is written from left to right and from top to bottom. A limited number of ligatures are possible since all the consonants cannot be combined with all others. Vowels can either be independent or dependent upon a consonant or consonant cluster. A large number of “consonant + vowel” and “consonant + consonant” combinations have various alternative representations. A standard is perceived to be evolving.
There are 13 vowels, 36 consonants, and 5 additional sounds in Oriya.
Vowels ( jée aÀà ) @ = a [ɔ] A = ā [a:] B = i [i] C = ī [i:] D = u [u] E = ū [u:] F = [rɨ] G = RR H = e [e:] I = ai [ɔi] J = o [o] K = au [ɔu] Consonants ( aÔ&_ aÀà ) L = k [k] M = kh [kh] N = g [g] O = gh [gh] P = ṅ [ŋ] Q = c [tʃ] R = ch [tʃh] S = j [dƷ] T = jh [dƷh] U = ñ [ɲ] V = ṭ [ʈ] W = ṭh [ʈh] X = ḍ [ɖ] Y = ḍh [ɖh] Z = ṇ [ɳ] [ = t [t] \ = th [th] ] = d [d] ^ = dh [dh] _ = n [n] ` = p [p] $ = ph [ph] a = b [b] b = bh [bh] c = m [m] d = j [dƷ] e = r [r] gw/v [w/v] f = ḷ [ɭ] h = ś [s] i = ṣ [s] j = s [s] k = h [h] Õ = ɔnuswa:rɔ Ó = bisɔrgɔ (h:) Ü = tʃɔndrɔbindu (ɱ) Additional Sounds ( @[ÞeÞ¦ aÀà ) XÏ= ṛ [] YÏ= rh [] l = khjɔ ¯ = y [j] m = l [l]
A. Types of Script
Oriya is a syllabic alphabet and it is based on the alpha-syllabary or abugida writing system.
B. Name of the Script
The name of the script is Oriya JXÏÞA /oṛia:/ [oDiA] [ORRIAA]. Oriya has a very strong resemblance with Bangla (Bengali) and Ahomiya (Assamese).
C. Introduction to the Graphemes
The Oriya script has forty-nine graphemes representing forty phonemes.
D. History of Script (Link – Origin, comparison with the other scripts)
The distinctive features of Oriya language can be traced back to the 10th century. Stone engravings, copper plates, palm-leaf manuscripts testify to its antiquity. It has been a carrier of vibrant literature, a medium of instruction and a means of communication through the centuries.
E. Punctuations
The punctuation marks in Oriya are “,”, “;”, “:”, “-”, “.”, “|”, etc. However, all the punctuations except the `ËÀàÒR] /pu:rɳɔtʃhedɔ/, have been borrowed from English.
F. Numerals and Symbols
The Oriya script has its own numerals.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 hË_ HL ]ÊB [Þ_ QÐe `Ðq R@ jÐ[ AW _@ śu:nɔ ekɔ dui tinɔ tʃa:rɔ̣ pa:ntʃɔ tʃhɔɔ̣ sa:tɔ a:ʈhɔ̣ nɔɔ
These are the numerals in Oriya. The Latin symbols which are used in Oriya are @, #, $, +, etc.
Deceased or dead mark: A typical mark (û) (0B70) is used before the names of persons who are dead. This is known as jéNà[ QÞkð /swɔrgɔtɔ tʃinhɔɱ/ in Oriya.
Nukta: Nukta /nukta:/ is placed only below X DDA (0B21) and Y DDHA (0B22) to suggest a variant pronunciation in XÏ RRA (0B5C) and YÏ RHA (0B5D).
Avagraha @aNà /ɔbɔrgɔ/ (Î 0B3D): It is also known as khanda-akaara /khɔɳɖɔ-a:ka:rɔ/. In Oriya this sign is used in the formation of a limited number of compound words formed according to the rules of Sanskrit grammar.
Halant: The halant kf«ç /hɔɭɔnt/ in Oriya is used as the vowel omission sign. It serves to cancel the inherent vowel of the consonant to which it is applied. It also functions as a combining character. Application of a halant sign makes a consonant a pure consonant. This sign is placed below the base grapheme. Obviously no other sign can be attached to a consonant letter having an halant below it.
J. Research on Script/Orthography
Oriya script runs horizontally from left to right. However, some combining glyphs appear to the left of their base character for display. Sharing a common ancestry with Bengali, Oriya script is used in the eastern Indian state of Orissa for writing the Oriya language, as well as Sanskrit and a number of Dravidian and Munda languages. Oriya script descends from Brahmi script through the Kalinga script, its more recent ancestor. As with all Brahmi-derived Indic scripts, Oriya demonstrates the typical features of that model. Its basic unit is the consonant-based syllable which embodies an inherent vowel. While it is structurally similar to Bengali script Oriya script visually resembles the Southern Indic scripts whose rounded appearance is ascribed to being written with a needle on palm leaves.
At the beginning of a syllable, vowels appear in independent form. When used to replace the inherent vowel of a consonantal syllable, vowels appear in diacritic form before, after, above, below or surrounding the modified syllable. In many cases, consonant-vowel combinations may be written with special ligatures, which break the predictable pattern. A group of consonants without intervening vowels form a ‘consonant cluster’, which can often be written with a special symbol called a ‘conjunct’, of which Oriya is known to have a large selection. Often such a cluster is written by attaching a reduced form of the secondary consonant to the primary one. Although there are several other regular schemes, in many cases the formation of a conjunct is idiosyncratic, so that its components are not readily recognizable. In Oriya script, the inherent vowel of a syllable is suppressed by a /hɔɭɔntɔ/ halanta which is a small diagonal stroke placed as a subscript on the syllable. Taking the shape of a half-circle diacritic with a dot above, the /ʃɔndrɔbindu/ candrabindu indicates vowel nasalization. The presence of a nasal consonant is sometimes marked by a small superscript ring, the /ɔnuswa:rɔ/ anusvara. Words are separated by a space and the end of a sentence is signaled by a vertical stroke. Oriya has a native set of symbols for numerals.
K. Script & Technology
- Unicode Entity Codes for the Oriya Script
- Oriya Script Details:
ORIYA VOWELS
Character Name Character Entity Hex Entity ORIYA LETTER A @ ଅ ଅ ORIYA LETTER AA A ଆ ଆ ORIYA LETTER I B ଇ ଇ ORIYA LETTER II C ଈ ଈ ORIYA LETTER U D ଉ ଉ ORIYA LETTER UU E ଊ ଊ ORIYA LETTER F ଋ ଋ VOCALIC R ORIYA LETTER ଌ ଌ VOCALIC L ORIYA LETTER E H ଏ ଏ ORIYA LETTER AI I ଐ ଐ ORIYA LETTER O J ଓ ଓ ORIYA LETTER AU K ଔ ଔ ORIYA LETTER RR G ୠ ୠ ORIYA LETTER LL ୡ ୡ
ORIYA CONSONANTS
Character Name Character Entity Hex Entity ORIYA LETTER KA L କ କ ORIYA LETTER KHA M ଖ ଖ ORIYA LETTER GA N ଗ ଗ ORIYA LETTER GHA O ଘ ଘ ORIYA LETTER NGA P ଙ ଙ ORIYA LETTER CA Q ଚ ଚ ORIYA LETTER CHA R ଛ ଛ ORIYA LETTER JA S ଜ ଜ ORIYA LETTER JHA T ଝ ଝ ORIYA LETTER NYA U ଞ ଞ ORIYA LETTER TTA V ଟ ଟ ORIYA LETTER TTHAW ଠ ଠ ORIYA LETTER DDA X ଡ ଡ ORIYA LETTER DDHAY ଢ ଢ ORIYA LETTER NNA Z ଣ ଣ ORIYA LETTER TA [ ତ ତ ORIYA LETTER THA \ ଥ ଥ ORIYA LETTER DA ] ଦ ଦ ORIYA LETTER DHA ^ ଧ ଧ ORIYA LETTER NA _ ନ ନ ORIYA LETTER PA ` ପ ପ ORIYA LETTER PHA $ ଫ ଫ ORIYA LETTER BA a ବ ବ ORIYA LETTER BHA b ଭ ଭ ORIYA LETTER MA c ମ ମ ORIYA LETTER YA d ଯ ଯ ORIYA LETTER RA e ର ର ORIYA LETTER LA m ଲ ଲ ORIYA LETTER LLA f ଳ ଳ ORIYA LETTER SHA h ଶ ଶ ORIYA LETTER SSA i ଷ ଷ ORIYA LETTER SA j ସ ସ ORIYA LETTER HA k ହ ORIYA LETTER RRA XÏ ଡ଼ ଡ଼ ORIYA LETTER RHA YÏ ଢ଼ ଢ଼ ORIYA LETTER YYA ¯ ୟ ୟ
ORIYA SIGNS AND PUNCTUATIONS
Character Name Character Entity Hex Entity ORIYA SIGN #Ü ଁ ଁ CHANDRABINDU ORIYA SIGN #Õ ଂ ଂ ANUSVARA ORIYA SIGN #Ó ଃ ଃ VISARGA ORIYA SIGN #Ï ଼ ଼ NUKTA ORIYA SIGN #Î ଽ ଽ AVAGRAHA ORIYA VOWEL #Ð ା ା SIGN AA ORIYA VOWEL #Þ ି ି SIGN I ORIYA VOWEL #Ñ ୀ ୀ SIGN II ORIYA VOWEL #Ê ୁ ୁ SIGN U ORIYA VOWEL #Ë ୂ ୂ SIGN UU ORIYA VOWEL #ó ୃ ୃ SIGN VOCALIC R ORIYA VOWEL Ò# େ େ SIGN E ORIYA VOWEL Ò#ß ୈ ୈ SIGN AI ORIYA VOWEL Ò#Ð ୋ ୋ SIGN O ORIYA VOWEL Ò#ßÐ ୌ ୌ SIGN AU ORIYA SIGN #ç ୍ ୍ VIRAMA ORIYA AI #Þà ୖ ୖ LENGTH MARK ORIYA AU #ÞàÐ ୗ ୗ LENGTH MARK
ORIYA SYMBOLS AND NUMBERS
Character Name Character Entity Hex Entity ORIYA ISSHAR Î ୰ ୰ ORIYA DIGIT ZERO 0 ୦ ୦ ORIYA DIGIT ONE 1 ୧ ୧ ORIYA DIGIT TWO 2 ୨ ୨ ORIYA DIGIT THREE 3 ୩ ୩ ORIYA DIGIT FOUR 4 ୪ ୪ ORIYA DIGIT FIVE 5 ୫ ୫ ORIYA DIGIT SIX 6 ୬ ୬ ORIYA DIGIT SEVEN 7 ୭ ୭ ORIYA DIGIT EIGHT 8 ୮ ୮ ORIYA DIGIT NINE 9 ୯ ୯
The Oriya script has been in use since the 10th century. Archaeological evidence of its use is engraved and preserved on stone slabs, copper plates, palm-leaf manuscripts and paper manuscripts. With the coming of mechanical printing press, type writers and electronic text generation systems, Oriya script has acquired some kind of stability both in terms of number of letters and their designs. The Oriya script is used for writing Oriya, Sambalpuri and Sanskrit languages.mil
In a broader sense, the Oriya writing system is a fusion between syllabic writing systems and phonemic writing systems. The effective unit of Oriya writing system is the orthographic syllable, consisting of a consonant and vowel (CV) core and, optionally, one or more preceding consonants, with a canonical structure of (CC) C) CV. The orthographic syllable need not correspond exactly with a phonological syllable, especially when a consonant cluster is involved, but the writing system is built on phonological principles and tends to correspond quite closely to pronunciation. The orthographic syllable is built up of alphabetic pieces, the actual letters of the Oriya script. These pieces consist of three distinct character types: consonant letters, independent vowels, and dependent vowel signs. In a text sequence these characters are stored in logical (phonetic) order.
Principles of the Script
Oriya characters can combine or change shape depending on their context. The appearance of a character is affected by its sequential ordering with respect to other characters, the font or typeface used to render the character, and the application or system environment. These variables can cause the appearance of Oriya character to differ from their nominal glyphs (used in the Oriya code chart)
- Consonant letters: Each consonant letter represents a single phoneme, but also retains the inherent vowel A or @. Thus ORIYA LETTER KA (0B15) represents not just /k/ Lç, but also /kɔ/ (Lç + @ = L). In the presence of any other dependent vowel sign, the inherent vowel A or @ is overridden.
- Consonant Cluster: There are four ways of forming consonant clusters in Oriya such as given below.
- A consonant cluster is depicted with a conjunct glyph.
- Half-form glyphs are used.
- Consonant signs are used.
- Diminutive forms of consonants are used.
- Half-forms of consonants: Consonants letters may also be rendered as half-forms, which depict the final consonant in consonant clusters. These half-forms in Oriya retain the inherent vowel A or @, whereas the whole-form consonants, to which the half-forms are attached, lose the inherent vowel A. In representing the half-forms the upper parts are dispensed and only the lower distinctive parts are retained.
- Consonant Signs: When TA (0B24) [ is the initial consonant of a consonant cluster, preceding it another consonant is rendered as ## below L, _, `, $, c, j to take the forms Lú, _ú, `ú, $ú, cú, jú. It must be noted here that _ú and cú can also be rendered as [ð and [ê.
- Orthographic abbreviations: Orthographic abbreviations are used to make conjuncts of two or more adjacent consonants. Usually the legated form represents one or more consonants followed by another consonant. For example,
- Use of RA (0B30): RA (0B30) e is used in forming conjuncts in two ways. If it is the first element of a conjunct it functions like a consonant. In Oriya it is called /reph/ repha and is attached to the right side top of the base glyph as a non-spacing combining mark glyph. It may also be called ‘Pre-consonant RA’. For example,
- Diminutive form of consonants: A diminutive form of consonant is used as the final component of a consonant cluster. Such diminutive forms retain the inherent vowel A and are positioned below the relevant consonant.
- Independent Vowel Graphemes and Dependent Vowel Signs: The independent vowels in Oriya are graphemes that stand on their own. These are used in writing syllables that start with a vowel. Diphthongs in Oriya are treated as vowels for the purpose of writing. WA (0B35) g and YYA (0B5F) ¯ are semi-vowels.
JA + NYA ↝ J.NYA S + U ↝ s.
SA + KA ↝ S.KA j + L ↝ ².
SA + TA ↝ S.TA j + [ ↝ ª.
SA + KHA ↝ S.KHA j + M ↝ •.
In the absence of any of these four types of glyphs, the consonants are depicted using the nominal consonant forms combined with visible HALANT signs.
DA + GHA ↝ DA.HALANT.GHA ] + O ↝ ] #ç O ↝ ]çO.
Sometimes, to prevent conjunct formation, the five nasal phonemes are used in Oriya. NGA (0B19), NYA (0B1E), NNA (0B23), NA (0B28), and MA (0B2E) with other phonemes of their respective vargas/classes. For example, ANUSVARA (0B02) is positioned to the left of the consonant.
NGA + GA ↝ NG.GA ↝ ANUSVARA.GA Pç + N ↝ = ↝ ÕN
KA (0B15), JA (0B1C), NA (0B28), BA (0B2C), WA (0B35), LA (0B32), and LLA (0B33) are presented in their half-forms. The lower part is placed below the consonant to form a consonantal conjunct. The half-forms of consonants always appear as the second element of a conjunct. Such conjunct may take further elements like the /ma:tra:/ matras. For example,
GA + NA ↝ G.NA Nç + _ ↝ Nð SA + KA ↝ S.KA + RI ↝ S.K.RI jç + L ↝ ²ç + #ó ↝ ²ó JA + JA ↝ J.JA + WA ↝ J.J.WA Sç + S ↝ ³ç + #é ↝ ³é SSA + KA ↝ SS.KA + RA ↝ SS.K.RA iç + L ↝ ´ç + e ↝ ´Í
Wherever a consonant get attached to the immediate consonant, the /hɔɭɔnt/ halant sign (0B4D) is deleted while forming a conjunct.
When TA (0B24) is the second consonant of a consonant cluster, following another consonant, it is rendered as #ó below ¦, «, ©, ª. Here, the same consonant sign represents both TA (0B21) and DDA (0B21).
A number of other consonant letters such as DDHA (0B22), THA (0B25), CHA (0B1B), BHA (0B2D), MA (0B2E), and NNA (0B23) are rendered as consonant signs placed below consonant letters. These signs retain the inherent vowel A. Only the sign representing YYA (0B5F) is positioned to the right of a consonant.
Some consonant in Oriya are rendered as consonant signs when they function as part of a consonant cluster. These signs do not have visual similarity with the consonants they represent.
KA + TA ↝ K.TA Lç + [ ↝ ¦ DA + MA ↝ D.MA ]ç + c ↝ ]ê
Such consonant clusters may function as consonant and can further take other consonant as /ma:tra:/ matras. For example,
TA + SA ↝ T.SA + NA ↝ T.S.NA [ç + j ↝ júç + _ ↝ júð
NGA + KA ↝ NG.KA Pç + L ↝ * DA + BHA ↝ D.BHA ] + b ↝ ¡
(i) RA + KA ↝ KA + RA Displayed Output eç + L ↝ L + #à ↝ Là (ii) Four examples are given below. • RA + TA + SA ↝ T.SA + RA Displayed Output eç + [ç + j ↝ jú + #à ↝ júà • RA + DA + WA ↝ DA.RA + WA eç + ]ç + g ↝ ] + #à ↝ ]àç + g ↝ ]éà • RA + VOCALIC R ↝ VOCALIC R + RA eç + F ↝ F + #à ↝ Fà • RA + JA ↝ JA + RA i (vowel sign) eç + S ↝ S + #à + #Þ ↝ SÞà
RA is also used as the final element in a consonant conjunct. In Oriya it is called /rɔ-phɔɭa:/ ra-phalaa and is attached to the bottom of the base glyph as non-spacing combining mark glyph. It may also be called ‘post-consonant RA’. Where RA follows a consonant conjunct or consonant behaving as a consonant, it is replaced by the non-spacing mark RA. For example,
(i) KA + RA ↝ KA + RA Displayed Output Lç + e ↝ L + #Í ↝ LÍ (ii) SSA + KA ↝ SS.KA + RA ↝ SS.KA + RA Displayed Output iç + L ↝ ´ç + e ↝ ´ + #Í ↝ ´Í
Where a vowel sign such as #Ð (0B3E) and #Ñ (0B40) is attached to a RA-inflected consonant, it has to be positioned to the right of the conjunct.
There is a consonant and also a consonant conjunct to which both the types of RA are attached together. For example,
RA + DA + RA ↝ DA.RA(type 1).RA (type 2) eç + ]ç + e + #Í ↝ ]Íà RA + DA + RA ↝ DA.RA(type 1).RA (type 2) eç + [ç + [ + e ↝ ràÍ
In addition to several consonants, RA (type 1) and RA (type 2) can also be attached to the following consonant conjuncts. For example,
RA (type 1): nà, oà, ³à, Àà, rà, ~à, wà, _ðà, ®à, mâà, júà, etc. RA (type 2): ¦Í, ¨Í, «Í, tÍ, uÍ, céÍ, c÷Í, ´Í, nÍ, oÍ, Í, ¸Í, *Í, =Í, ÃÍ, bÍ, rÍ, etc.
GA + DHA ↝ G.DHA Nç + ^ ↝ ‘ SHA + CA ↝ SH.CA hç + Q ↝ ¾
Many of such conjuncts can be rendered in two ways, (i) with the Zero Width Joiner, such as ‘, µ, , etc. and (ii) with Zero With Non-joiner, such as Nç^, Lçj, LçV, etc.
Dependent Vowel Signs: Each vowel grapheme, except A (0B05) @, has its corresponding vowel sign. A vowel sign does not stand alone. Invariably a vowel sign is depicted in combination with a single constant or a consonant cluster. A vowel sign signifies the final sound of a syllable. Oriya script has three types of vowel signs:
- non-spacing signs that appear above or below a consonant grapheme,
- spacing signs that appear to the right or left of a consonant grapheme, and
- combined spacing and non-spacing signs that surround a consonant – these types of signs have two of three parts, which represent a single vowel.
Independent: @ A B C D E F G H I Vowel Letters J K Dependent: #Ð #Þ #Ñ #Ê #Ë #ó #ó ó Ò# Ò#ß Vowel Signs Ò#Ð Ò#ßÐ
↝ @ /ɔ/ is inherent (/k/ is Lç, and /kɔ/ is L). ↝ #Ð, #Ñ (representing A, C) are placed to the right of the consonant or consonant cluster: LÐ, LÑ. ↝ #Þ (representing B) is placed above the consonant or consonant cluster: LÞ, ÃÞ. ↝ #Ê, #Ë, #ó, #ó ó (representing D, E, F, G) are placed below: LÊ, LË, Ló, Ló ó. ↝ Ò# (representing H) is placed to the left: ÒL. ↝ Ò#ß (representing I) has two parts. One part is placed to the right and the other above: ÒLß. ↝ Ò#Ð (representing J) has two parts. One part is placed to the right and the other to the left: ÒLÐ. ↝ Ò#ßÐ (representing K) has three parts, placed to the right, left and above the consonant: ÒLßÐ.
Halant: Oriya script employs a sign called halant or vowel omission sign. The sign is slanted in a dash-like position below a consonant. The presence of this sign indicates the cancellation of the inherent vowel (A / @) in a consonant. Halant also functions as a combining character. When a consonant loses its inherent vowel (A) with the application of the halant sign, it is known as a dead consonant. For example,
TA + HALANT ↝ TA [ + ## ↝ [ç KA + MA ↝ KAMA L + c ↝ Lc KA + MA ↝ KAM L + cç ↝ Lcç
i) Rendering Order:
The following tentative rules provide some clues for minimal rendering of Oriya as part of a plain text sequence. These rules also suggest the sequence of combining and ordering of the glyphs.
- When a consonant precedes a halant, it is considered to be a dead consonant. A consonant that does not precede a halant is considered to be a live consonant.
- The nukta sign, which modifies a consonant form, is placed immediately after the consonant in the memory representation and is attached to that consonant in rendering. If the consonant represents a dead consonant, then nukta should precede halant in the memory representation.
- If a dead consonant immediately precedes another dead consonant or a live consonant, then the first dead consonant may join the subsequent element to form a conjunct ligature form.
- A conjunct ligature form can itself behave as a dead consonant and enter into further, more complex ligatures.
- Since AA (0B3E), YYA (0B5F) consonant sign and ANUSVARA sign (0B02) attach to the right of a consonant and whenever necessary Anusvara is attached only after AA vowel sign or YYA consonant sign.
- Whenever necessary YYA sign (0B5F) #Ô is attached to a consonant only after RA () #à is already attached.
- A vowel sign is attached to a consonant only after RA sign is already attached.
- A vowel sign is attached to a consonant only after YYA (0B5F) consonant sign #Ô is already attached.
- VISARGA sign (0B03) #Ó is placed to the right of a consonant only after a vowel sign is already attached.
- Wherever RA and I are attached together to a consonant they take their respective position, i.e. I above the consonant and RA to the right side top of the consonant.
- Presence of a CHANDRABINDU (0B01) sign #Ü above a vowel or consonant suggests its nasalization. This sign is attached only after a dependent vowel sign is already attached to the consonant.
- Oriya has the vowel sign E (0B47) which must be depicted to the left side of the consonant letter. The software rendering Oriya script must be able to reorder elements in mapping from the logical (character) store to the presentational (glyph) rendering. For example, if a consonant denotes the nominal form of consonant and vowel denotes left-side dependent vowel sign form of vowel V, then a reordering of glyphs with respect to encoded characters occurs as just shown.
- An ANUSVARA sign #Õ has to precede DDA (0B21) or DDHA (0B22) without NUKTA (0B3C).
- An AVAGRAHA sign #Î (0B3D) can catch to a consonant only after O (0B4B) is already attached to the consonant.
- When the dependent vowel E is used to override the inherent vowel of a syllable, it is always written to the extreme left of the orthographic syllable. If the orthographic syllable contains a consonant cluster, then this vowel is depicted to the left of that cluster. For example,
- K.SSA in Oriya is an abbreviated glyph, which combines KA and SSA. This ligature should take other consonants when necessary.
TA + HALANT ↝ TA [ + ## ↝ [ç
DDA + NUKTA + HALANT ↝ DDA X + #Ï + #ç ↝ XÏç
JA + NYA ↝ J.NYA Sç + U ↝ s TA + TA ↝ T.TA Vç + V ↝ p
NA + TA + RA ↝ NA + T.RA ↝ N.TRA
_ç + [ç + e ↝ _ç + [Í ↝ §
SA + TA + RA ↝ SA + T.RA ↝ S.TRA
jç + [ç + e ↝ jç + [Í ↝ ±
Alternatively,
NA + TA ↝ N.TA + RA ↝ N.TRA
_ç + [ ↝ «ç + e ↝ «Í
SA + TA ↝ S.TA + RA ↝ S.TRA
jç + [ ↝ ªç + e ↝ ªÍ
MA + AA + ANUSVARA c + #Ð + #Õ ↝ cÐÕ BA + YYA (sign) + ANUSVARA a + #Ô + #Õ ↝ aÔÕ
RA + GHA + YYA ↝ R.GHA + YYA(sign) ↝ R.GH.YYA eç + Oç + ¯ ↝ Oàç + #Ô ↝ OÔà
TA + RA + AA [ + eç + #Ð ↝ [ÍÐ KA + RA + II Lç + e + #Ñ ↝ LÍÑ
THA + YYA (sign) + AA ↝ TH.YY.AA \ç + #Ô + #Ð ↝ \ÔÐ TA + YYA (sign) + U ↝ T.YY.U [ç + #Ô + #Ë ↝ [ÔË
The vowel sign U (0B41) or UU (0B42) should attach below the consonant, and not below the consonant sign.
DA + U + VISARGA ] + #Ë + #Ó ↝ ]ÊÓ BA + AA + VISARGA a + #Ð + #Ó ↝ aÐÓ
RA + JA ↝ R.JA + I ↝ J.I + RA ↝ R.JI Eç + S ↝ Sà + #Þ ↝ SÞ + #à ↝ SÞà
GA + AA + CHANDRABINDU N + #Ð + #Ü ↝ NÐÜ
Character order Glyph order KA + E ↝ E + KA L + Ò# ↝ ÒL KA + O ↝ E +Ka AA L + Ò#Ð ↝ ÒLÐ KA + AI ↝ E + KA + #ß L + Ò#ß ↝ ÒLß KA + AU ↝ E + KA + #ß + #Ð L + Ò#ßÐ ↝ ÒLßÐ
It is necessary to emphasize here that such two or three part vowel signs, which surround a consonant, should be generated by a single stroke operation on the key board.
1st Stroke 2nd Stroke 3rd Stroke L Ò#Ð ÒLÐ L Ò#ß ÒLß L Ò#ßÐ ÒLßÐ
TA + O + AVAGRAHA [ + Ò#Ð + #Î ↝ Ò[ÐÎ
TA + RA + E ↝ T.RA + E ↝ E + T.RA [ç + e + Ò# ↝ [Í + Ò# ↝ Ò[Í
K.SSA + MA ↝ K.SS.MA (sign) lç + c ↝ lê K.SSA + NNA ↝ K.SS.NNA lç + Z ↝ Ä
iii. Status of Standards of Oriya (Oriya Character Set, Encoding and Locale)
Unicode’s code chart 0B00-0B7F for Oriya script is the standard character set encoding used for the Oriya writing. Oriya is also defined in the ISCII standard for the Indic scripts. The ISCII code page identifier for Oriya is 57007.
Oriya locale has been defined in IBM ICU where date, time, month, day, currencies, and collation rules have been localized for Oriya. Locale for Oriya is also available in the CLDR1.3. The locale definitions described include date, time, calendar formats, name of days, months and numbers.
Copyright CIIL-India Mysore