BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Crooke, William; Religion and Folklore of Northern India; S. Chand and Co. (Pvt.) Ltd., New Delhi.

It is a collection of magical beliefs, indigenous knowledge, tribal culture and rituals etc. of Korku, Gond, Baigas and other tribes.

2. Sood, S.P. (1966) “Some Phonological and Grammatical Aspects of Korku Language”. Bulletin of Tribal Research and Training Institute; Bhopal; vol. 6, No.1, 60-76 (Betul District, South Chhendwan).

It gives brief description about Korku phonology and grammar. She has also mentioned about some borrowed words from both Hindi and Marathi. She has described, there are eight vowels and thirty-one consonants as segmental phonemes with their contrastive pairs, seen in Korku. Length and nasalization are concluded in suprasegmental phonemes. In grammatical aspects she has dealt with some morphological categories such as Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjections. About syntax, word order as subject, object, predicate attribute is described.

3. Zide, N.H. (1960) Korku Phonology and Morphophonemic. Unpubl. Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, Mimeo.

It is a Ph.D. dissertation by Zide. In preface, he has mentioned that the Korku language has borrowed heavily from the neighboring Indo-Aryan vernacular (Hindi, Urdu, Marathi). He has collected his information from the districts of both Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. He has mentioned about the presence of two types tones, i.e., high tone and low tone with glottalised concurrent vowel. The second section speaks about morphophonemic in Korku concern with stress, tone, and vowel quality and has given the rules for vowel harmony. He has described the verb form in Korku with examples. He has suggested the new and useful analysis of non-Korku words along with Korku words.

4. Russell, R.V. & Hiralal. (1916) The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (London: Macmillan and company, rpt. 1975, Delhi: Cosmo Publications), vol. III, pp. 550-70.

The whole book is divided into four volumes and it is a collection of origin, history, culture, religion, belief, profession, etc. of several tribes and castes found in Central Provinces of India. One chapter based on Korku culture, custom, religion, profession etc. in fourteen paragraphs, has been described. There it has mentioned that the language of Korwas is also known as Koraku or Korku, in other words there is a little doubt found about the above statement. The division of Korku tribe is mainly of two i.e., Raj Korkus and Potharia Korkus. Again each subdivision has sub-castes with territorial names, such as, Mowasi, Bawaria, Ruma, Bondeya/Bopchi, and then each sub-caste has traditionally 36 exogamous septs. About physical appearance, Korkus have a round face, wider nose, and muscular body. They are honest and truthful by character and at last Korkus have their own language has been mentioned.

5. Fuchs, Stephen. (1988) The Korkus of the Vindhya Hills. New Delhi: Inter-India Publications.

In this monograph Fuch has mentioned a detailed cultural study about the Korkus. He has described many anthropological aspects. He has collected the information from informants of East Nimar and Melghat. The monograph is divided into four parts, such as, the material culture of the Korkus (part-I), sociology (part-II), the life history of the individual (part-III), and Korku religion (part-IV).

6. Nagaraja, K.S. (1999) Korku language, Grammar, Texts, and Vocabulary. Tokyo: Institute for the study of Language and Cultures of Asia and Africa.

Nagaraja has given the detailed study of grammar of Korku language. He has also collected some folktales with grammatical analysis of each sentence. A compared vocabulary list of Korku and Mundari language is also found in the second half part of the book.

7. Grierson, G.A. (1906) Linguistic Survey of India. Vol-IV

He has mentioned the name Korku as Kurku in his description. A brief study of grammar, demography information, geographical distribution and some texts have been described. Korku is closely related to Kherwari language. He also mentions the phonetically system is same as in Santali. According to him length distinction is not clear and also one doubt about the use of postposition is due to Aryan influence. He has also shown the differences found in Drake’s grammar. He has mentioned that there is only one dialect called as Muwasi, spoken in Chhindwara, found in Hoshangabad also. He has pointed out that in only point that Muwasi dialect is different from Korku, i.e., in the formation of negative verbs. He has collected five specimens from Drake’s book and Nimar, Akola, Hoshangabad and Chhindwara districts.

8. Parmar, Shyam (1972) Folklore of Madhya Pradesh. National Book Trust, India, New Delhi.

He has mentioned about a festival celebrate by Korkus and Korwas adivashis after harvest and how they are going to celebrate this.

9. Vidyarthi, L.P. and Rai, B.K. (1977) The Tribal Culture of India. Concept Publishing Company, Delhi.

This volume presents the detailed study of tribal culture and society, in which the social structure of Korku tribe is given briefly. The social division of Korku community has two types, i.e., Raj Korku and Potharia Korku, and each division has their own territorial groups as Muwasi, Bawasi, Ruma and Baidoya. Again each territorial group has divided into exogamous totemic groups. The social design is given as Tribe-Moiety-Territorial Group-Clan-Family-Individual. Also there should be one leader in each level like, Patel is the village headman, after him one superior tribal headman as Jai-Patel. Like this all the social structure is described here.