X. CULTURE

A. LINGUISTIC EXPRESSION OF CULTURE

1. Classifier Systems

 

	English		Kharia		English Meaning/Expression

	Father		appa		Father
					Father’s friend
					Father’s father’s brother’s son
					Friend’s father
					Father-in-law
					Father’s brother

	Uncle		kaka		Father’s brother
	father’s				Father’s friend’s brother
	brother				Father’s friend
					Mother’s younger sister’s husband

	Aunt		emij		Uncle’s wife
	father’s 				Aunt’s friend
	brother’s wife			Father’s friend’s brother’s wife

	Elder		mǝhakulǝm	Elder brother
	Brother				Elder brother’s friend
					Paternal uncle’s son, those who are elder than us
					Maternal uncle’s son, those who are elder than us

	Elder		nǝna		Elder sister
	Sister				Elder sister’s friend
					------------
					Maternal uncle’s elder daughter
					Husband’s elder sister
				
	Grand		bud̥d̥ʰi  		Father’s mother
	Mother				Father’s paternal uncle’s wife
					Father’s mother’s friend
					Father’s father’s wife’s friend

	Mother’s		mosi		Mother’s sister
	sister				Paternal uncle’s wife’s sister
					Mother’s sister’s friend
					Father’s friend’s wife
					Stepmother

	Maternal 		mosa		Mother’s sister’s husband
	Sister’s 		husband		Mother’s sister’s husband’s friend

	Mother		so/e bʰǝso	Mother
					Mother’s friend
					Friend’s mother-in-law
					Mother-in-law’s sister

	Yonger 		konon kulǝm	Yonger brother
	brother				Paternal uncle’s younger son
					Yonger brother’s friend
					Maternal uncle’s son, who is younger to us

	Grand		bud̥ʰa		Father’s father
	Father				Father’s father’s friend
					Friend’s father’s father

	Maternal		mamu		Mother’s brother 
	Uncle				Mother’s brother’s friend
					Friend’s mother’s brother
					Maternal aunt’s husband
					Maternal aunt’s friend’s husband

	Father’s		bǝd̥a		Father’s elder brother
	Elder brother			Father’s elder brother’s friend
					Friend’s father’s elder brother
					Mother’s sister’s husband

	Father’s		bad̥i		Father’s elder sister-in-law
	elder				Father’s elder sister-in-law’s friend’s wife
	brother’s				Friend’s father’s elder brother’s wife
	wife				Mother’s elder sister

	Sister-in-law’s	 goi		Elder brother’s sister-in-law (wife’s younger sister)
	Sister				Sister-in-law’s younger sister
					Younger brother’s sister-in-law (wife’s younger sister)
					Elder sister’s sister-in-law (husband’s younger sister)

	Brother-		boker		Wife’s brother
	in-law 				Wife’s friend’s brother
	(wife’s 				Husband’s brother
	younger brother)

	Sister-in-		boksel		Elder bother’s wife’s sister
	Law (Wife’s			Wife’s sister’s friend
	younger Sister)			Sister’s friend

	Maternal		mami/e mami	Father’s sister
	Aunt				Father’s sister’s friend
					Paternal aunt’s brother’s wife
					Maternal uncle’s brother’s wife

	Elder 		mǝhakulǝm	Elder brother		
	Brother				Elder brother’s friend
					Paternal uncle’s son, who is elder than us
					Maternal uncle’s son, who is elder than us

	Elder		nǝna		Elder sister	
	sister				Elder sister’s friend
					Maternal uncle’s elder daughter

2. KINSHIP ORGANIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY

	In Kharia, all the kinship terms present are paternal.

	Paternal
	Father					pita
	Father’s father				dada
	Elder Sister				dīdī
	Younger Sister				bǝhǝn
	Brother					bʰäi
	Father’s Sister				pitajī ke bǝhǝn
	Father’s father				pitajī ke pita
	Father’s father				dadu
	Father’s father’s father			dadu ke pita
	Uncle’s son/Cousin				tśatśa ke beʈe
	Aunt					mosī

	Maternal
	Mother					mam
	Maternal Aunt				mosī
	Maternal Uncle				mama
	Maternal Uncle’s wife				mama ke pǝtni
	Elder son					bǝd̥e bet̥e
	Sister					bǝhǝn
	Mother’s sister				mam ki bǝhǝn
	Sister’s husband				bǝhǝn ke pǝti
	Mother’s mother				mam ki mam
	Mother’s (mother’s husband) father		mam ke pitaji
	Husband’s brother				pǝti ke bʰäi
	Sister’s husband				bǝhǝn pǝti

3. BODY PARTS
	Kharia			Hindi 			English	
	ului			bal			hair
	bokob			sir			head
	lulur			kan			ear
	ari			guli			finger
	edi			edi 			heel
	andu			andkos		annus
	kata			pair			leg
	kanptti		kanpti			ear lap
	kpar/somod		kpal			forehead
	kundum		god			ankle
	kuntob		kundab			back
	koko			gla ka pitsla	back of neck
	detu			grdn			neck
	kulutar			gal			cheek
	kehni			khuni			elbow
	kosor kata		gutna ke nitse ka	testicle
	kori			kmr			waist
	taka			knda			shoulder
	gore			kleja			liver
	guti			eri ke upr
	candi			sir ka kendr
	devra/usl		tsmda		skin
	ga			hddi
	gotom			atma			soul
	teudna/tutkunj	gutna		knee
	ti/ti			hat			hand
	laej			pe			stomach
	sundruij		nabi			nucleus/navel
	supli kata		pamv			foot
	porbra		bah ka jor
	pota			at
	talu gone		talu dat
	nunu			stn			breast
	lehri			kmr ke nite ka bag
	enm/inm		kun			blood
	bva			bva
	mod/mor		amk			eye
	rnmd		tsehra		face
	rmod			nak			nose
	tomod			muh			mouth
	totor			(gla) bojn nli	intestine
	lng			jib			tongue
	cehuba			jbda			jaw
	talgum			talu			forehead
	tlhti			hteli			palm
	bulu			jag			thigh
	narhod			pindli
	panjra			pnjr
	siro			ns			nerve
	gone			damt			teeth
	dadi/gucu		dadi 			beard
	pipni			plk			eye-lid
	somod			kopdi		skull
	gutu/			kamk		armpit
	gorjim			hridj			heart
	jiyom			pran			life

4. COLOUR TERMS

	Kharia		Hindi			English
	osel			sped			white
	mober			kala			black
	rnsung/gogor	lal			red
	sarsr/ srsr		pila			yellow
	hriyar			hra			green