X. CULTURE

A. LINGUISTIC EXPRESSION OF CULTURE

1. Classifier Systems

 

	English		Kharia		English Meaning/Expression

	Father		appa		Father
					Father’s friend
					Father’s father’s brother’s son
					Friend’s father
					Father-in-law
					Father’s brother

	Uncle		kaka		Father’s brother
	father’s				Father’s friend’s brother
	brother				Father’s friend
					Mother’s younger sister’s husband

	Aunt		emij		Uncle’s wife
	father’s 				Aunt’s friend
	brother’s wife			Father’s friend’s brother’s wife

	Elder		mǝhakulǝm	Elder brother
	Brother				Elder brother’s friend
					Paternal uncle’s son, those who are elder than us
					Maternal uncle’s son, those who are elder than us

	Elder		nǝna		Elder sister
	Sister				Elder sister’s friend
					------------
					Maternal uncle’s elder daughter
					Husband’s elder sister
				
	Grand		bud̥d̥ʰi  		Father’s mother
	Mother				Father’s paternal uncle’s wife
					Father’s mother’s friend
					Father’s father’s wife’s friend

	Mother’s		mosi		Mother’s sister
	sister				Paternal uncle’s wife’s sister
					Mother’s sister’s friend
					Father’s friend’s wife
					Stepmother

	Maternal 		mosa		Mother’s sister’s husband
	Sister’s 		husband		Mother’s sister’s husband’s friend

	Mother		so/e bʰǝso	Mother
					Mother’s friend
					Friend’s mother-in-law
					Mother-in-law’s sister

	Yonger 		konon kulǝm	Yonger brother
	brother				Paternal uncle’s younger son
					Yonger brother’s friend
					Maternal uncle’s son, who is younger to us

	Grand		bud̥ʰa		Father’s father
	Father				Father’s father’s friend
					Friend’s father’s father

	Maternal		mamu		Mother’s brother 
	Uncle				Mother’s brother’s friend
					Friend’s mother’s brother
					Maternal aunt’s husband
					Maternal aunt’s friend’s husband

	Father’s		bǝd̥a		Father’s elder brother
	Elder brother			Father’s elder brother’s friend
					Friend’s father’s elder brother
					Mother’s sister’s husband

	Father’s		bad̥i		Father’s elder sister-in-law
	elder				Father’s elder sister-in-law’s friend’s wife
	brother’s				Friend’s father’s elder brother’s wife
	wife				Mother’s elder sister

	Sister-in-law’s	 goi		Elder brother’s sister-in-law (wife’s younger sister)
	Sister				Sister-in-law’s younger sister
					Younger brother’s sister-in-law (wife’s younger sister)
					Elder sister’s sister-in-law (husband’s younger sister)

	Brother-		boker		Wife’s brother
	in-law 				Wife’s friend’s brother
	(wife’s 				Husband’s brother
	younger brother)

	Sister-in-		boksel		Elder bother’s wife’s sister
	Law (Wife’s			Wife’s sister’s friend
	younger Sister)			Sister’s friend

	Maternal		mami/e mami	Father’s sister
	Aunt				Father’s sister’s friend
					Paternal aunt’s brother’s wife
					Maternal uncle’s brother’s wife

	Elder 		mǝhakulǝm	Elder brother		
	Brother				Elder brother’s friend
					Paternal uncle’s son, who is elder than us
					Maternal uncle’s son, who is elder than us

	Elder		nǝna		Elder sister	
	sister				Elder sister’s friend
					Maternal uncle’s elder daughter

2. KINSHIP ORGANIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY

In Kharia, all the kinship terms present are paternal. Paternal Father pita Father’s father dada Elder Sister dīdī Younger Sister bǝhǝn Brother bʰäi Father’s Sister pitajī ke bǝhǝn Father’s father pitajī ke pita Father’s father dadu Father’s father’s father dadu ke pita Uncle’s son/Cousin tśatśa ke beʈe Aunt mosī Maternal Mother mam Maternal Aunt mosī Maternal Uncle mama Maternal Uncle’s wife mama ke pǝtni Elder son bǝd̥e bet̥e Sister bǝhǝn Mother’s sister mam ki bǝhǝn Sister’s husband bǝhǝn ke pǝti Mother’s mother mam ki mam Mother’s (mother’s husband) father mam ke pitaji Husband’s brother pǝti ke bʰäi Sister’s husband bǝhǝn pǝti

3. BODY PARTS

Kharia Hindi English ului bal hair bokob sir head lulur kan ear ari guli finger edi edi heel andu andkos annus kata pair leg kanptti kanpti ear lap kpar/somod kpal forehead kundum god ankle kuntob kundab back koko gla ka pitsla back of neck detu grdn neck kulutar gal cheek kehni khuni elbow kosor kata gutna ke nitse ka testicle kori kmr waist taka knda shoulder gore kleja liver guti eri ke upr candi sir ka kendr devra/usl tsmda skin ga hddi gotom atma soul teudna/tutkunj gutna knee ti/ti hat hand laej pe stomach sundruij nabi nucleus/navel supli kata pamv foot porbra bah ka jor pota at talu gone talu dat nunu stn breast lehri kmr ke nite ka bag enm/inm kun blood bva bva mod/mor amk eye rnmd tsehra face rmod nak nose tomod muh mouth totor (gla) bojn nli intestine lng jib tongue cehuba jbda jaw talgum talu forehead tlhti hteli palm bulu jag thigh narhod pindli panjra pnjr siro ns nerve gone damt teeth dadi/gucu dadi beard pipni plk eye-lid somod kopdi skull gutu/ kamk armpit gorjim hridj heart jiyom pran life

4. COLOUR TERMS

Kharia Hindi English osel sped white mober kala black rnsung/gogor lal red sarsr/ srsr pila yellow hriyar hra green

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