IX. LANGUAGE USE

A. School: Medium of Instruction, Subject

  1. Primary

    2. In the all the Government schools, Hindi is used as the medium of instruction. For the students, it is used as their first language. But in private schools and nursery schools English is taught as the first language. In some schools and nursery Hindi exist as the second language.

  2. Secondary

    3. On the secondary level, Hindi is used as the medium of instruction in all the Government schools and in some private schools too. In Kendriya Vidyalaya, too Hindi is the medium of instruction. However, provision is there for choosing English as the medium of instruction. But in most of the private schools English is the medium of instruction but Hindi s taught as a subject. It is treated as the second language.

  3. College:

    4. Hindi is used as the medium of instruction in many colleges. For honours subjects in science departments, English is used as the medium of instruction. But in Humanities and Social Sciences, one kind of provision is that one can use Hindi as the medium of instruction instead of English and he/she can even appear in examination in Hindi. However, Hindi department is also there in all the colleges. In higher secondary too Hindi can be taken as the medium of instruction for all these Science, Arts and Commerce. But most of the students choose English as the medium of instruction.

  4. Unviersity

    5. On the Unviersity level both Hindi and English are used as the medium of instruction for Humanities and Social Sciences. But for Science and Information Technology, English is used more than Hindi. Anyway, in Post-Graduation level Hindi is taught as a separate course, where Hindi literature and linguistics are taught.

  5. Professional

    6. Teaching of professional courses like Medical Sciences, Engineering, Management, Accountancy, Information Technology, Hindi is not used as a mudium of instruction. Rather, English plays the important role in ti. But in some cases fro the development of Hindi language in both literature and technological fields, instructors use Hindi for teachings.

B. MASS MEDIA:

The combined term mass media covers very large & vast domain of the perspective of communications. Radio, Television, Videotape, Newspapers, magazines, Hoardings, Films, Books, Records - Tapes are the vehicles of media for transmitting informations etc. Mass media cover & reach to Mass society, with a very significant effect. Marshall Mc Luhan has argued in resent years that the form of the media has a more significant effect on society and knowledge than the contents carried. Thus, the media themselves become the message(s).

  1. NEWSPAPERS:
    2. The History of the Hindi Newspapers is inscribed by the “Udant Martand” (Rising-Sun), edited by Shriyugol Kishore Shukal (Sukul), considered to be the First Hindi News Paper arose 30th May at the Indian Publication horizon on 30th May 1826 from Calcutta. As per the 46th Annual Report (Press in India) brought into the light by the Registrar of Newspapers in India (RNI), the highest number of Newspapers i.e. 20,589 come out, in Hindi. The circulation of Hindi Newspaper also continued to lead with 4,70,06,395 copies in the year 2001. Among daily Newspapers too, the 1st place went to those in Hindi, indicating the figure as many as 2507, in the year 2001. ‘Hindi daily’ - press, also dominated the total circulation with the number as 2,33,82,867 copies (i.e. 40.42%) of the total circulation of the dailies.
  2. Hindi Journals & Magazines:

    3. Apart from Hindi Dailies, as many as, 18082, Hindi Journals & Magazines are published in Hindi, every year.

    Hindi News Agencies:

    1. Press Information Bureau (P.I.B.):

      2. Established in 1919. A main Central Government Organization of India, Now comes under Information & Broadcasting ministry, provides news items in Hindi, apart from Urdu & 13 Indian regional languages. It has 8 Regional offices, 35 Branch offices and information centers, which provide news related with the Government policies, programmes, achievements. They also provide photographs of the events. The Bureau, in the year 2003 recognized as many as 1000 Correspondents, 300 Cameramen, 130 Technicians & 70 Editors. The Department also provides temporary recognition to the foreign media personnel. It has website : www.pib.nic.in

    2. Press Trust of India (P.T.I.):

      3. Established an 27-8-1947 started to provide services w.e.f. 1-2-1949, In English & Hindi. Hindi News services are provided through its agency named - ‘BHĀSHĀ‘ also started its Hindi service in 1986 - ‘PTI BHĀSĀ’.

      As many as 500 Newspapers - Customers in India & more than 20 customers from abroad make use the services of the P.T.I. It has, as many as, 100 offices in India & correspondents in major foreign cities. Approximately 1500 3mployees are working in the organization. It has its T.V. Photo wings also.

      The website is: www.ptinews.com

    3. United News of India (U.N.I.):

      4. The U.N.I, was established on 21-3-1961. It is a one of the largest News Agency of Asia-Continent. It provides news items in Hindi through its News agency namely U.N.I. VĀRTĀ established in May 1981.

      It has its users in India as well as abroad. Large number of customers (as many as 850) are from Gulf countries. It provides photo computerized - graphics through its National Photo Service, Started in 1987.

    4. Samachar BhĀrti:

      5. Started independent functioning from 14-4-1978 to provide Hindi News items. Thus al, the above mentioned, News agencies supply Hindi News items.

  3. ALL INDIA RADIO (AIR):

    4. At Government level, the Indian Broadcasting Service was started in 1930, adopted its name as ‘All India Radio’ in 1936 and since 1957 it is known as ‘Aakaashwaaṇi’.

    As per Government of India’s data in 2004, it had 208 Centres under its network. These centres produce various programmes in 24 languages 2146 dialects. Hindi is also one of the major languages of the programs.

    A.I.R. news an phone service was started in 1998, on which Hindi News Service is also available.

    In 1988, ‘Aakaashwaṇi’ National Channel (ANC) was started which also serves Hindi Programs. The ANC covers 76% population of our country.

    Aakaashwaṇi’s entertainment channel viz. VividbhĀrti, under its various programs produces viz. popular programs like Hello Jaimala Pharmaesh etc. which use almost Hindi.

    Now the F.M. Channels are also using Hindi.

    Radio is a very popular medium in India, which reaches in the rural areas whose electricity is not there. A movement has been started even to establish private local area - Radio - Station - which could be established even in Rs. 10,000/- cost.

  4. CINEMA:

    5. Ālam ĀrĀ (1931) produced by Ardeshir Irani is considered to be the First Hindi Film - As far as, the ruse of Hindi language is concerned, as such, it can be noted that Hindi language was also used in the title cards of the silent-era-films. The First Silent Feature Film, ‘RĀjĀ Harishchandra’ produced in 1913 by Dhundiraj. Govind Phalke. Now Hindi Films are produced in India in a very large number.

  5. TELEVISION:

    6. The First T.V. Centre, in India, was commenced on 15-8-1959, for an hour/Twice a week, as a part of A.I.R. The regular Telecast was started, though at moderate level in August, 1965.

    At present, there are 24 Hindi Channels and 21 mixed (Hindi & English) Channels. Maximum T.V. Channels at present, produce/Telecast their programs in Hindi.

    During the time of Asian-games events (1982) number of Television centres found to be shoot up quickly. Introduction of colour T.V. in 1982 was another landmark in bringing many T.V. centres started. Through INSAT-1A, National programmes got wide space. In which use of Hindi Language also spreaded.

    Likewise, in 1984 Introduction of Doordarshan Channel II, boasted the use of in Hindi in the T.V. productions.

  6. INTERNET:

    7. Hindi was entered in the Syber Journalism in the year 1996, with the commencement of the ‘Web-Dunia’ (a Postal of Nai-Duniya Hindi Daily News Paper from Indore. At present approximately 15 Hindi News Websites are these but as many as to are leading in the field, like Nai-Dunia, Dainik Jagren, Amar Ujala, Dainik BhĀsker, Hindi Milap, Rajasthan Patrika, Prabhat Khabar etc.

C. ADMINISTRATION:

A particular & specific use of language has been classified as “REGISTER” in the field of linguistics.

‘Hindi - Administrative Register’ got its seeds since 8th century, while the mixed code form of the then Hindi (i.e. mainly Biraj + Persian + Sanskrit) was used for administrative purposes.

After India’s independence, the question of administrative language openly came up. In the Constituent Assembly of India’s proceedings, First time the Phraseological technical term namely “OFFICIAL LANGAUGE” (O.L.) in Hindi ‘RajbhĀshĀ’ was coined and used in place of the technical term namely “Administrative Language” to depict the meaning of the language used for Administrative purposes.

During the debate of the constituent assembly the issue of the official language(s) was discussed at large w.e.f. 12-9-1949 to 14-9-1949. Ultimately, an 14-8-1949, the language policy of the independent India, was adopted.

Accordingly, in principle, the three tier system for the use of the O.L. in administrative set up was accepted such as: The O.L. policy at (i) Union (Government) level: (ii) State (Government) level a (iii) Local (Governments, like Corporations, Panchayats etc.) level.

The components & provisions of the O.L.s at the above mentioned three levels, are mainly indicates in the Indian Constitution in the articles 120(1) (2), 210(1) (2), 343(1) (2) (3), 344(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 345, 346, 347, 348 (1) (2) (3), 349, 350 & 351 plus the languages (at present 22) listed in the VII schedule of the Indian Constitution.

On the basis of the above mentioned articles other documents like O.L. Act 1963 (67), O.L. Rules 1976 (1987) & so many notifications, office orders, memorandum were issued in this regard to explain & instruct & to get the O.L. policy of Government of India/State Governments implemented.

A wide perspective could be given easily to highlight, to probe & to analyze the real situation with so many data of the picture of the complementation of the O.L. Policies, Acts, rules regulations etc.

Apart from the above points, the format of the O.L. i.e. in its register form will also be focused & understood in detail at the level of the linguistics patterns. The courses run, in this direction, at various educational levels viz. colleges, universities etc. will also be studied & analyzed objectively.

Similarly, the scenario of the teaching of the Hindi across the nation (in abroad) will also be underlined with the special mention about the Hindi Teaching (its formats etc.) in foreign countries.

The functional use a job-oriented scope in Hindi fields, will also be taken at large.

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