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Dogri has 38 segmental and 5 supra segmental phonemes.
Segmental phonemes have been divided into two broad groups i.e. vowels and consonants. It has 10 vowel phonemes and 28 consonant phonemes.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | īi | ūu | |
| Mid | e | Ο | |
| Half Mid | ɛ | ə | ɔ |
| Low | a |
Among these 10 vowels ī, ə and ū occur initially and medially, while in word final position their functional load is much less. There are a few functional words in which ə appear in final position as vocalic release. These are (i) after geminated consonants or consonant clusters like in words अग्ग /əggə/ (ʌggə)“fire”, रत्त / rʌttə/ / rəttə/ “blood”, चक्ख cəkkha (cʌkkha) “taste”, मुल्ख /mūlkhə/ “country” etc. but it is not phonemic.
In Dogri / ə / phoneme has its two allophones: ʌ and ə. ʌ occurs before final, ə ending geminated syllables, viz. फटक्का /phəṭʌkkə/ “at the same time”, सत्त /sʌttə/ “seven”, बक्ख /bʌkkhə/ / “separate”etc. Phonetically I and ū vowels also have their varied forms initially and medially. These varied forms are slight lower and slightly centralized but these forms occur in free variation with I and ū like in words इट्ट [iṭṭə] or ,एट्ट [ěṭṭə] “brick”, चिर / cir/ or चेर /cěr/ “delay” , उट्ठ /uṭṭh ə/ or ओट्ठ /ǒṭṭhə/ “get up” etc.
All these three (ə,i and ū) are short vowels and they do not occur as nasalized vowels. a , i , u, e, ɛ,o and ɔ are long vowels and they occur initially, medially and finally in all the three positions. However functional load of / u / in initial position is comparatively less. All these seven vowels also occur as nasalized vowels. Phonologically nasalization is distinctive supra-segmental feature in Dogri, as it creates phonemic contrast (meaning difference) in the language e.g.
oral vowel nasalized vowel राजे /rājē/ “kings” direct case राजें /rājẽ “kings”oblique case अक्खी /əkkhi/ “eye” अक्खीं /əkkhĩ/ “eyes” लै /lɛ /“get” लैं /lɛ̃ / “May I get” बाह् /bá/ “concern” बांह् /bã́/ “arm” भौ /pɔ̀/ “fear” भौं /pɔ̃/ “giddiness” जोगा /jōgā/ “for” जोंगा /jõga/ “a vehicle” कू /ku/ “speak” कूं /kũ/ “warping of the cot”
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral | Nasal | Oral | Nasal | |
| High | i | ĩ | u | ũ |
| Mid | e | ẽ | o | õ |
| Half Mid | ɛ | ɛ̃ | ɔ | ɔ̃ |
| Low | a | ã | ||
It is to mention here that function load of nasalized o (õ) in contrastive distribution with oral / o / is very rare.
/ i / is a closed, high, front, un-rounded vowel. In its articulation the tip of tongue becomes very close to lower teeth and the opening of jaw is quite narrow. It occurs in contrastive distribution with its closest counter parts with /i/ and /e/ for example.
इन्न /innə/ (oblique nominative) मिल /mil/ “meet”
he/she/this
ईन /in/ “ self-respect” मील /mīl/ “mile” मिली / milī/ “met”
ए /e/ “vocative for मेल /mel/ “meeting” मिले /mile/ “met”
fem.sg.”
ऐ /ɛ/ “is” मैल /mɛl/ “dirt” मिलै /milɛ/ “may meet”
/ i / is a high mid, front but bent towards centralized position and un-rounded vowel. It occurs word-initially and medially in a frequent manner, while word-finally its functional load is very less (only in Sanskrit tatsama words like शक्ति /səəkti /,रति / rəti/, युक्ति /jukti/ etc.). It does not create any distinction of meaning in this position.
/ e / is a front, half closed or mid and un-rounded vowel. In its pronunciation, tongue approaches to upper teeth and the lips remain open. It occurs in all the three positions but in initial position the functional load is comparatively less than medial and final positions. It stands contrastively with its nearest counterpart /ɛ/ in all the three positions e.g.:
ए / e / “ Vocative for बेल / bel / “creeper” गे / ge / “went” Singular feminine” Masculine plural ऐ / ɛ / “is” बैल / bɛl / “Ox” गै / gɛ / “only”
ऐ / ɛ / is open, half mid, front vowel with low and level tones. It is comparatively longer with high tone. It occurs in all the three positions e.g.
ऐतकी / ɛtəki / “this year” रसैन / rəsɛn / “medicine” इत्थै / itthɛ/ “here”
आ / a/ is an open, low, un-rounded back vowel. In its pronunciation the tongue moves backward and remains lowered. It occurs in all the three positions. It stands in contrast with its closest vowel औ / ɔ/ in initially, medially and finally, e.g.
आख /akh/ “say” पाना /pana/ “to put” सा / sa/ “was”
(Imp. 2nd person, sg. )
औख /ɔkh/ “difficulty” पौना /pɔna/ ”three fourth” सौ / sɔ /“sleep”
औ /ɔ/ is rounded, back and open vowel. While pronouncing this vowel the lips remain slightly more open and thus less rounded. It occurs in all the three positions and also in contrastive distribution with its closest counterpart अ /ə/.
औतर /ɔtər/ “issueless” रौला /rɔla/ “noise”
अतर /ətər/ “scent” रला /rəla/ “mixture”
ओ /o/ is a mid, half close, back- rounded vowel. It occurs in all the three positions very frequently. It also creates meaning difference with its near most counter part /ɔ/. e.g.
ओह्दा /oəda/ “his, her” तोल / tol / “measurement” जो /jō/ “whosoever” औह्दा /ɔəda/ “designation” तौल / tɔl/“haste” जौ /jɔ/“barely”
अ /ə/ is a half open, centralized vowel. In its pronunciation the lips remain neutralized. It occurs in contrastive distribution with its nearest un-rounded back counter part आ /a/ initially, medially and finally - in all the three positions, e.g.
अंदर /əndər/ “inside चल / cəl/ “walk” काल /kal/“death, tense, femine”
आंदर /andər/“intestine” चाल /cal/ “gait” काला /kala/ “black”
उ /u/ is a lower high, rounded, back but centralized vowel. In its pronunciation the back of tongue is raised high and lips are rounded. It occurs initially, medially and finally and also creates distinction of meaning in contrastive distribution with its nearest counter parts उ /u/ and ओ /o/.
उट्ठ /uṭṭhə/ “get up” बुरा /bura/ “bad” (no word final pairs with u) ऊठ /uṭh / “camel” बूरा /bura/ “wooden powder” करू /kəru/ “willing to do” ओठ /oṭh / ”lips” बोरा /bora/ “sack” करो /kəro/ “do”
ऊ /ū/ is a high, rounded, back vowel. While pronouncing the same, back of tongue is raised high and approaches the velum. In view of tongue height, it stands in contrastive distribution with its counter-part /i/, e.g.
ऊन / un / “deficiency” ङूठी / ŋuṭhi / “ring” चालू / calu / “ current” ईन / in/ “ self-respect” / ङीठी /ŋiṭhi / “earthen burner” चाली / cali / “forty”
As mentioned in the phonetic distribution of Dogri vowels, there are four vowel heights namely High, High mid, Low mid and Low; three tongue- positions-Front, Back and Central and three lip-positions, viz. Flat, Round and Neutral functioning in the language. All the long seven vowels do also occur in extra long form in word final position and these create phonemic contrast with their long counterparts.
| Labial VL VD | Labio-dental VL VD | Dental VL VD | Alveolar VL VD | Palatal VL VD | Retroflex VL VD | Velar VL VD | Glottal VL VD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Un-asp. Plosive Asp. | p b ph | t d th | ṭ ḍ ṭh | k g kh | ||||
| Un-asp. Affricative Asp. | c j ch | |||||||
| Nasal Un-Asp. | m | n | ñ | ṇ | ṅ | |||
| Trill Un-asp. | r | |||||||
| Flap Un-asp. | ṛ | |||||||
| Un-asp. Fricative Asp. | s | sə | h | |||||
| Lateral Un-asp. | l | |||||||
| Semi- Un-asp. vowel | v | j |
* There are six basic points of articulation i.e. Labial, Dental, Alveolar, Palatal, Retroflex and Velar. However Labio-Dental and Glottal points also contribute in articulation of /v/ and /h/ respectively.
* Aspiration and voice are the distinctive features of Dogri phonology but voiced-aspirated stops are absent from the phonological structure of the language.
* Among 28 consonant phonemes there are a series of nasal consonants viz. bilabial, alveolar, retroflex, palatal and velar very frequent in occurrence. Barring retroflex nasal /ṇ/ all other occur word initially, medially and finally. And also create distinction of meaning in contrastive distribution with their closest and most frequent counterpart /n/ like in words ङूर/ṅgur/ “grapes”,नूर /nūr/ “light”etc.
* Though /h/ occurs in rare vocabulary in Dogri, it very frequently occurs in time denoting verb as /ha/ “was, masculine”; /he/ “were”, masculine”; / hi/ “was, feminine”; /hiã/ “were, feminine”.
* /v/ and /j/ sounds also rarely occur word initially as these get changed into /b/ and /j/. But in original (tatsama) Sanskrit words and proper nouns are pronounced by literate people. Word medially /v/ is very frequent in the language, like in words सेवा /sēva/, ‘service’ मेवा /mēva/, ‘dry fruit’, देवी /devi/ ‘goddess’ etc., even many times intervocalic /b/ is pronounced as /v/ for exp. खबरां /khəbərã/ “News”, दबारा /dəbara/ “second time” etc. words are pronounced as खवरां /khəvərã/ and द्वरा /dəvara/ respectively.
ऽ [f], [x] And [ɤ] sounds though not phonemic, they have very frequent occurrence in the language. Pronunciation of [f] is a very common feature of present day pronunciation and people are pronouncing [f] instead of [ph} also. Moreover [f] is frequently pronounced in local words and words from Perso-Arabic origin, for example साफ़ /sāf/ “clean”, साफा /safa/ “turban”, सौफ़ / sɔ̃f / ‘fennel’, क्याफ़ा /kjafa/ “estimate” साफ़ा /səəfa/ ‘curative power’. Dogri has borrowed various Persian words, while initial fricatives in such words have been changed to stops whereas medial fricatives are generally preserved. Secondly, in process of linguistic development of language the weak consonants of old Indo Aryan were changed to fricatives. As such /x/ and /ɤ/ sounds are also have their existence in Dogri, like in words:
बखला / bəxəla /“stranger” बगना /bəɤəla/ “to flow” दुख /dux / “grief” बगला / bəɤəla / “Heron” भखना /pəəxəna/“to become hot” नगद /nəɤəd/ “cash” लखना /ləxəna /“to observe” रात /rəɤtə/ “a disease”
* Retroflex flap /ṛ/ plays an important role in Dogri phonology, word medially and finally, but it does not occur word initially.
In Dogri a single vowel phoneme constitutes a syllable as well as a morpheme, for example:
आं / a / “come ओ / o / “vocative ए / e / “vocative
imperative sing.” precedes to precedes to
masculine noun” feminine noun”
ऐ / ɛ / “is”
V is meant for vowel V: is meant for long vowel V: is meant for extra long vowel
Vowel clusters are also very frequent in the language viz. two member vowel clusters, three member vowel clusters. In few environments consecutive occurrence of four vowels can also be observed. Here are certain limitations of sequences of vowel clusters in Dogri:-
* / ɔ / does not participate in vowel cluster
* / ɛ / participates rarely in these clusters, its occurrence is usually found as a last member of vowel cluster and in word final position.
* Sequences of / əa /, / aə /, /ai /, /iī /, /īi /, / iu / and / ou / do not occur.
* Clusters are more frequent word finally, or initially. Word medially, vowel clusters are in use.
* Here the terms Diphthong, Trip thong or Quadriphthong have not been used. As due to consecutive occurrence of vowels of continuity of speech, the release quality of vowels is comparatively lesser than non consecutive occurrence. But one can not say that in two member vowel clusters only one vowel is syllabic and the other is non syllabic or in three and four member vowel clusters two and three vowels respectively are not syllabic, because they are not being released fully.
Thus the patterns of vowel sequence in Dogri are as follow:
Intial medial final
ai आई /ai / “come” सलाई / səlai /“knitting needle”
Fem. Sg.
au आऊ / au / “willing to come” जाऊ /jau/“willing to go”
ae आए / ae / “come” लखाए / ləkhe / “got written”
Mas. Pl. Mas. Pl.
ao आओ / ao / “ come” खाओ / okhao/ “eat”
Imp. Pl. Imp. Pl.
ia “_____” बधिआ /kvk/bəədia / “superior”
iɛ इऐ / iɛ / “this only” करिऐ / kəriɛ/“ after doing”
io इओ / io / “this only” कुड़िओ / kuṛio/“vocative form of /
कुड़ी / “girl”
iu इऊ / iu / “this only सिऊल / siul/ धिऊ /kÅ / tī
“Kind of seeds” “oblique form of / धी / “daughter”
iɛ पीऐ / piɛ / “after drinking”
ua नं सुआल /sual/ “question” बटुआ / bəṭua / “small purse”
uɛ उऐ /uəɛ/ “that only खुहै /khuəɛ/“oblique form of / / “well”
uo साढुओ / sáḍuo/ “oblique form of
/ sáḍu/
ui ऊई / ui / “exclamation सूई / sui / “needle”
for indication of sudden pain”
ue __________ दूए / due / “others”
uɛ __________ कूऐ / kuɛ / “speak” imp. III
person Sg.
uo ---------- ----------- कूओ / kuo / “speak”imp.IInd
person Pl.
ea ---------- खेआल /kheal/ “ thought” लेआ /lea/ “took”,mas,sg.
ei ---------- ----------- लेई /lei/ “ took” ,fem, sg
eo बेओरा /beora/ “detail” लेओ / leo/ “ carry” imp,
II nd person pl
eɔ नेओल / neol / “mongoose”
ɛo लैओ /lɛo / “ take” imp.,
əu टऊ /ṭəu / “ astonished”
oa लोआद /load / “ off-spring” गौहा /goá/ “cow dung”
oe ओए /oe / “vocative” नरोए / nəroe / “healthy”Pl.
usually used for boys”
oɛ ___________ ______ रोऐ / roe / “ may weep”
oi कोई / koi / “some one”
Three member vowel clusters usually occur in word final position and a few word- initially too. Word-medially such type of occurrences is not available in the language.
Initial Final
/əua/ _________ भउआ / pəəua / “termused for brother; brother-in law”
/əue/ _________ भउए /pəəue / “obliqueform of / pəəua /”
/əuɛ/ _________ भउऐ /pəəuɛ/“nominative form of /pəəua/”
/aie/ आइए / aie/ “after reaching“ जाइए / jaie / vocative form of / jai / “daughter”
/aiɛ/ आइऐ / aiɛ / “after reaching” खाइऐ /khaiɛ/ “after eating”
/aia/ आईआ / aia / “has reached”. भाईआं/ páia / “o brother”
mas, sg
/aio/ आईओ /aio / “has reached”. भाईओ / páio / “o brothers”
fem,sg
/auo/ ताउओ / tauo / “o uncles”
/auo/ भाऊओ /pàuo/ “ o brothers”
/aea/ आएआ /aea/ “ came” कराएआ /kəraea/ “ got done”
/aeo/ आएओ / aeo/ “ you have come” y[kk,vks / ləkheo/ “ get written” imp.,fut.
IInd person,pl.
/eəu/ _________ सेअऊ / seəu / “apple”
/eau/ _________ सेआऊ /seau / “willing to get stitched”
/eai/ _________ सेआई / seai / “stitching charges”
/eae/ सेआए / seae/ “ got stitched” pl.
/eao/ _________ सेआओ /seao/ “get stitched” sg.
/oai/ _________ जोआई / joai / “son-in-law”
/oao/ _________ लोआओ /loao / “put on clothes,shoes etc. to someone other”
/oia/ _________ खोईआ / khoia / “has been said unintentionally”
/oea/ _________ रोएआ / roea / “wept” Mas. Sg.
This kind of vowel clusters only occurs in word final position in Dogri, e.g.:
/eaiɛ/ बड़ेआइऐ / bəṛeaiɛ/ “ conj.parti. of/ bəṛeana / ” /eaea/ बड़ेआएआ / bəṛeaieɛ / “gave respect and honour / appreciated ” /eaeo/ सेआएओ / seaeo / “get stitched” imp.,fut. IInd person pl. /oaiɛ/ नोआइऐ / noaiɛ / “conj. parti.of /noana/ “ to get bring” /oaea/ रोआएआ / roaea /“made to weep” /oaeo/ नोआएओ / noaeo / “imperative future of to get bring”
Consonant sequences in Dogri are broadly classified into two classes: geminates and clusters.
Dogri has fourteen geminate consonants that occur word medially. Word finally they occur only in those environments where these are not released, e.g.:-
(i) /kk/ पक्का /pəkka/ “strong” मक्क /məkk/ “maize” (ii) /gg/ लग्गी /ləgg/ “got hurt” लग्ग /ləgg/ “date of marriage” (iii) /cc / कच्चा /kəcca/ “unripe” सच्च /səcc/ “truth” (iv) /jj/ सुज्जना /sujjəna/ “to swell” अज्ज /əjj/ “today” (v) /ṭṭ / सुट्टना / suəṭṭna/ “to throw” सुट्ट /suəṭṭ/ “throw” (vi) /ḍḍ/ हड्डी /ə̀ḍḍi/ “bone ” उड्ड/uḍḍ/ “fly” (vii) /tt / कत्तना /kəttəna/ “to spin” सत्त /sətt/ “seven” (viii) /dd/ सद्दना /səddəna/ “to invite” रद्द /rədd/ “cancel” (ix) /pp / टुप्पा /ṭuppa/ “a measuring pot” चुप्प /cupp/ “silent” (x) /bb/ डब्बा /ḍəbba/ “box” बब्ब /bəbb/ “father” (xi) /nn/ बन्नना /bəənnəna/ “to tie” चन्न /cənn/ “moon” (xii) /mm / लम्मा /ləmma/ “tall” कम्म /kəmm/ “work” (xiii) /ss / रस्सा /rəssa/ “thick rope” सस्स /səss/ “mother in law” (xiv) /ll/ कल्ला /kəlla/ “alone” मुल्ल /mull/ “price, value”
Five geminate aspirated stops and affricates also occur in both the positions. But in these geminations first aspirate tends to be converted into its un-aspirated counterpart e.g.
/kkh/ मक्खन / məkkhən/ “butter” अक्ख /əkkh / “eye” /cch/ मच्छी / məcch i/ “fish” कच्छ /kəcch/ “near by” /ṭṭh / मिट्ठा / miṭṭha/ “sweet” अट्ठ /əṭṭh/ “eight” /tth/ मत्था / məttha / “forehead” कत्थ /kətth/ “tale” /pph/ लफ्फड / ləpphəṛ/ “slap” झड़फ्फ /cərə̀pph/ “encounter”
All these geminate consonants occur in contrastive distribution with their single counterparts.
In Dogri, consonant clusters with two members are very frequent –word initially and word-medially. A few word final clusters also occur in the language. Such clusters are of twenty six types viz. stop + stop, Stop + affricate, stop + nasal, stop + fricative, stop + lateral/ flapped/ trilled +, stop + semivowel, nasal + stop, nasal + affricate; nasal + fricative, nasal + lateral/ flapped/ trilled; nasal + semivowel; fricative + stop; fricative +affricate; fricative +nasal ; fricative + lateral/ flapped/ trilled; fricative + semivowel; trilled/ lateral/ + stop; trilled/ lateral + affricate; trilled/ lateral + nasal; trilled/ lateral + fricative, mutual clusters of lateral/ trilled/ flapped and cluster of lateral/ trilled with semivowels. A few examples are:-
Initial Medial Final
क्टोरा /kṭora/ “bowl” पुख्ता /pukhta / “strong” मुख्त /mukht/ “free of cost”
ब्बैरा /bсɛra/ “poor” सत्कार /sətkar/ “honour” सब्ज /səbj/ “green”
प्नीर /pnir/ “cheese” बिप्ता /bipta/ “trouble” तप्श /təpʃ/ “heat”
ब्शैन /bʃɛn/ “bed” दब्कन /dəbkəna/ “to snub” मुल्ख /mulkh/ “country”
क्लीरा /klira/ सत्नाजा /sətnaja/ “a mixture माल्क /malk/ “owner”
“bridal bangle” of seven type of grains”
र्लाना /rlana/ “to mix” बक्सुआ /sətnaja/ “safety pin” बल्ग /bəlg/ “ wait” imp.
स्ताना /stana/ “to tease” बख्ला /bəkhla/ “stranger” बच्त /bəct/ “saving”
न्यान /njan/ “barber’s wife” कैन्तर /kɛntər/ “a little bit” कश्ट / kəʃṭ/ “trouble”
* Among these 26 types of consonant clusters initial clusters of stop + stop, stop + affricate, stop + nasal, stop + lateral, trill, flap, fricative are very frequent in the language.
* Medial clusters of lk, lkh, lt, lph, rph, rb, rc, rj, etc are mostly available in the vowels from Perso-Arabic stock.
* /h/ never participates in cluster formation in any position.
* /ṛ/ never occurs word initially as such it does not join as first member of the consonant cluster word initially.
* Word medially three member consonant clusters can be seen in certain syllable patterns, viz. word medially nasal +stop + trilled ;e.g.
मैन्त्री /mɛntri/ “ minister”
पन्द्रां / pəndrã/ “ fifteen”
संस्कार /sənskar/ “ rite”
ऽ Word medially and initially three member consonant clusters occur only in English words, particularly in speech of literate people, like in words strike, stream, stroke, strain, spray, screw etc.
Distinctive features of Dogri vowels are High, Low, Back, Front, Long and Rounded. The 10 vowel phonemes of Dogri are analyzed in terms of above six features as follows :-
| High | Low | Back | Front | Long | Round | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | + | - | - | + | + | - |
| e | - | - | - | + | + | - |
| ɛ | - | + | - | + | + | - |
| a | - | + | + | - | + | - |
| ɔ | - | + | + | - | + | + |
| o | - | - | + | - | + | + |
| u | + | - | + | - | + | + |
| I | - | - | - | + | - | - |
| ə | - | + | - | - | - | - |
| ū | - | - | + | - | - | + |
Dogri consonant phonemes are analyzed in terms of Labial, Dental, Retroflex, Alveolar, Palatal, Velar, Nasal, Stop, Lateral, Fricative, Trilled, Flapped, Semi Consonantal, Voiced and Aspirated.
As such the distinctive feature analysis of following Dogri phonemes is as given below :-
/i/ + high - back + front - low - rounded /u/ + high + back - front - low + rounded /a/ - high + low + back - front - rounded /k/ + velar - aspirated - voiced + plosive - nasal /ṭh/ + retroflex + aspirated - voiced + plosive - nasal /m/ + labial + voiced - aspirated + nasal - plosive
Dogri has 5 supra segmental features, i.e. Length, Stress, Nasalization, Tone and Juncture.
In Dogri there are ten vowels 3 short vowels and seven long vowels and all the ten vowels have been individually recognized as separate phonemes so the length feature hardly has any importance to prove their phonemic status on its own basis, but as far as the question of extra long vowels is concerned length plays an important role to prove their phonemic status in word-final position by creating contrast of meaning between long vowels and extra long vowels. For example –
Long Vowels Extra Long Vowel
आ / -a / आऽ/ -ā- /
दा / da / “of” दाऽ/ dā- / “trick”
लगा / ləga / “began” लगाऽ /ləgā/ “affection”
चा /ca / “from” चाऽ/cā-/ “fond”
ई / -i / ईऽ/-ī-/
जी /ji / “adverb of respect added जीऽ/ jī-/ “living beings, member of family”
to names and designations”
बी /bi / “also, too” बीऽ/bī-/ “seed”
ऊ / -u / ऊऽ /-ū- /
कू /ku/ “ root for the कूऽ/kū-/ “imperative form”
verb to speak”
ए / -e / एऽ/ -ē- /
दे /de / “marker of genitive case देऽ/ dē-/ “giant”
used with Mas. Pl.”
ले / le / “took” लेऽ/ lē-/ “take” (imp.) futuretense
ऐ / -ɛ / ऐऽ/ -ɛ̄-/
लै /lɛ / “have (imp.)” लैऽ/ lɛ̄- / “rhyme”
ओ / -o / ओऽ/ -ō- /
गलो / gəlo / “get melted” गलोऽ/ gəlō- / “a kind of creeper”
On the level of consonants the feature of length is proven phonemic, e.g.
Short Long कचा / kəca / “bud” कच्चा / kəcca / “unripe” घटा / kə̀ṭa / “stratus cloud” घट्टा / kə̀ṭṭa / “dust” मत / mət/ “indication of negation” मत्ता / məttə / “sense” मलना / mələna/ “to rub” मल्लना / məlləna / “to encroach” बोली / boli/ “deaf fem.sg.” बोल्ली /bolli / “dialect”
All these above examples prove that length in Dogri has its important role in phonetic as well as phonological structure of the language.
Although stress is not a prominent feature of Dogri like English, yet sometimes it is also proven phonemic at the level of syllables. The following pairs are distinguished by means of the stress, for example-
रला /rəˈla/ “mixture” रला /rəlaˈ/ “mix” imperative
In the first example, stress is on the Ist syllable/ rəˈ /and it means ‘mixture’ but in the second one rəlaˈ stress is on the last (second) syllable, which means ‘mix’ in imperative sense. Similarly
Stress on Ist Syllable Stress on 2nd Syllable तला /təˈla/“sole of the shoe” तला / təlaˈ / “tank” गला / gəˈla/“throat” गला / gəlaˈ / “say” imperative दरी / dəˈri /“carpet” दरी /dəriˈ/ “niece, daughter of husband’s younger brother
Nasalization is also phonemic in Dogri and its phonemic status is established on the basis on the following oppositions:
Oral (Non Nasalized) Nasalized ता / ta /“heat” तां /tã / “then” ऐ /ɛ/“is” ऐं / ɛ̃ / “indication of Interrogation or surprisation” आ / a/ “come” imperative आं / ã/“am” आखेआ / akhea /“said” आखेआं / akheã / “you should say” भ्राए / pràe / “get filled by some one” भ्राएं /pràẽ/ “brother” in oblique form बाह् / bá /“concern” बांह् / bãə/“arm” बाग / bag /“garden” बांग /bãg / “a crow of cock” खा / kha /“eat” imperative खां / khã / “may I eat ”
The major supra-segmental feature which widely appears in Dogri phonology is Tone. There are many levels of Tone but three of them stand in contrastive distribution. Therefore, it can be said that Dogri has three distinctive tones, namely (i) level-tone (ii) low or low rising tone (iii) high or high-falling tone.
The phonemic status of tone in Dogri can be established on the basis of following oppositions, when one word can have three different meanings with the help of different tones. For example –
Level Tone High-Falling Low-Rising पी / pi /“drink” Imp. पीह् / piə /“grind” Imp. प्ही /pì/ “again” रा / ra / “advice” राह् / rá /“way” र्हा / rà/ “defeat” चड़ /cəṛ / “bug” चढ़ /cəəṛ/ “rise climb” चड़ /cə̀r/ “cloudy” राग / rag / “raga” राह्ग /rág / “he will saw” र्हाग / ràg / “he will defeat” कोड़ा / koṛā /“whip” कोढ़ा / koəṛa / “leper” कोड़ा /kὸṛa /“horse”
There is one more suprasegmental feature - Juncture In Dogri one can recognize its existence with the following examples: -
Continuous Flow With the Pause Close-Juncture (Discontinuous) Open Juncture बन्नना “to tie” बन्न ना “please tie” चराने “for grazing” चरा ने “we are grazing” जराना “friendship” जरा ना “tolerating” ओह्दे “his, her” ओह् दे “give that”
Juncture in Dogri has been proved phonemic on the syntactic level also. For example:-
In continuous flow: खाद्धी नेई पीती (neither eaten nor drunk) With a break after: खाद्धी नेई , पीती (not eaten but drunk) Similarly, with a break after: खाद्धी ,नेई पीती (not drunk but eaten)
Thus, on the basis of this given data, one comes to the conclusion that phonology of Dogri supra-segmental features are of as much importance as the segmental features, in the structure of Language.
All the ten vowels of Dogri play an important role in syllable structure of the language. On the basis of their behavior in syllable structure of the language the following syllabic patterns of Dogri are in function:-
V: आ /a/ “come” CV: श /ʃə/ “near,in custody” च /сə / “in” CVC: चर /сər/ “graze”; खिन /cĩn/ “moment” CV: जा /ja/ “go”; दे /de/ “give” V:CC हाल्त /àlt/ “condition”; आढत /ãṛth/ “commission” CV:C मील /mil/ “mile”; चाल /cal/ “gait” CVCC: रूक्ख /rukkh / “tree”; गल्त /gəlth/ “wrong” CVCV: गली /géli/ “street”; पता /pəta/ “address” CVCCV: तत्ता /tətta / “hot”; हत्थी /ə̀;tthi/ “handle”; CV:CV: काला /kala/ “black”; चाचा /caca/ “ uncle” CVCVC: सबर /səbər/ “patience”; नजर /nəjər/ “eye sight” CVCV:C कतार /kətar/ “line”; जमूर /jəmũr/ “pliers” CV:CVC पाठक /pathək/ “reader”; लेतर /lẽtər/ “sand” CVCCV: सच्चा /səcca/ “true”; बट्टा /bǝ́ṭṭa/ “stone” CV:CCV गान्नी /ganni / “necklace”; काम्मा /kəmma/ “worker ” CVCCVC चक्कर /cəkkar / “circle”; मंदर /məndər/ “temple ” CVCCV:C बरसात /bərsat/ “rainy season”; जरकान /jərkãn/ “jaundice” CVCCV:CV: सत्नाजा /sətnaja/ “seven type of grains”,परनाला /pərnala/ “drain pipe” CV:CCVC माल्कन /malkən / “lord lady”; सैल्तन /sɛltən/ “greenery” CV:CCV: सादगी /sadgi/ “simplicity”; र्हानगी /ràngi/ “surprise” (C)VCVCV: अगला /əgəla/ “next”,परता /pərata/ “ answer” CVCVCCV: करट्टा /kərrəṭa/ “muddle trouble”; घटन्ना /kəṭṭə̀na/ “tight pajama” CVCCV:CV:C: निम्मोझन /nīmmocàn/ “depressed” CVCCVCV:C किरतधान /kīrtəkàn/ “thankless”
As mentioned earlier, Dogri has extra long vowels word- finally and hence they have existence in forming syllable patterns of the language. For example-
CV:- जीऽ /jĩ/ “animate” दाऽ /dã/ “trick” देऽ /dẽ / “giant” लैऽ /lɛ̃/ “rhyme” लोऽ /lõ/ “light” कूऽ /kũ / “speak” VCV:-_ उपाऽ / ūpã/ “remedy” CVCV:- लगाऽ /ləgã/ “affection” दबाऽ /dəbã/ “pressure” CVCCV:- बतरीऽ /pə̀trĩ/ “niece” धमदेंऽ /təmdẽ / “a prominent festival of Dogra Society”
It is said that syllabic pattern like CVCV and CV: CV do not occur in Dogri, but the point is to be noted that when चढ् /cǝ́r/, पढ् /pǝ́r/टुर /ṭūr/ etc. roots occur in imperative form then syllable pattern will be CVCV, because the final consonant gets release in that environment. Similar case is with CV:CV छोड् /choṛ/ “leave”, छोल् /choḷ/ “ churn” forms of the roots छोड् /choṛ/ and छोड़ /choḷ/.
In words like अग्ग /əggə / “fire”,जग्ग /jəggə/ “jug”,पट्ट /pəṭṭə/ “thigh” the pattern of syllables is (C)VCCV because in the words word final geminated consonant usually gets vocalic release.
In this way it can be seen that two heavy syllables do not occur in the language structure consecutively. Here it is बजार /bəjar / but not बाजार /bajar/ “bazar”; समान /səman / but not सामान /saman/ “language”.
When there is more than one medium syllable in a word the last but one of the medium syllables is stressed, e.g. जादा /jaˈda / “more”, मरजादा /mərjaˈda / “ discipline”.
When there is one medium syllable preceded by one or two light syllables, the stress is unpredictable and phonemic बगा /bəˈga/ “flow”, बगा /bəgaˈ/ “to cause to flow”, भगता /pə̀ˈgəta/ “o devotee”, भगता /pə̀gətaˈ / “finish the job, make free”.
1. Inflectional, Derivational and Compound – all these three branches of morphology are very significant in the structure of Dogri language and have very distinctive features, which can be discussed at length, but here an attempt has been made to present their features briefly. There are also eight parts of speech ---- Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Postposition, Conjunction and Interjection in Dogri .The first four i.e. Noun, Pronoun, Adjective and Verb are declinable and rest four are Indeclinable.
Noun, Pronoun, Adjective and Verb are Declinable parts of speech and these get inflection for grammatical categories e.g. Gender, Number, Case, Person, Tense, Mood and Voice.
Noun stems in Modern Dogri are mostly either consonant ending or /-a/ or /-i / ending. For example कबूतर /kəbutər/ ‘pigeon’ बकरा /bəkəra/ ‘he-goat’ माली /mali/ ‘gardner’ etc. The stems ending in u, u, O, o, e /-u/ चाकू /caku/ ‘knife’ are not many in number and stems ending in semi vowels- ‘-j’ and ‘v’ are very rare in Dogri.
In Dogri, Nouns can be classified on more than one based such as genders, number, countability, semantic etc. According to gender, Nouns are categorized masculine ‘Jagot’ (boy) and feminine ‘Kuti’ (girl) on the basis of number nouns are singular ‘raja’ (king) and plural ‘raja’ (kings). Nouns are countable ‘bakara’ (he goat) as well as uncoutable ‘pani’ (water) also.
Semantically, Nouns are mainly placed into two categories i.e. concrete and abstract and these are further classified into sub-classes as presented in the following chart:
Nouns
____________________________
Concrete Abstract
_________|_________ _______|_____________
Proper Common Countable Uncountable
|
Human Non Human |
Ram “Suraj” (sun) |
______________________
Countable Uncountable
___________|_________ |
Common Collective Material
________|_____________
Human Non human
In a Dogri sentence, Nouns function as subject, direct object, indirect object, subject compliments, object compliments or object of postposition. Being declinable, Nouns get inflection for gender, number and case.
There are only two genders – masculine and feminine and gender system is partly natural and partly grammatical. Names of male living beings are masculine e.g. /kὸṛa/ ‘horse’ and names of female beings are feminine e.g. घोड़ी /kὸṛi/ ‘mare’. But in case of inanimate things, abstract, collective and material nouns, gender is determined partly by form but mainly by usage. Mostly bigger and hard things are categorized as masculine and small and tender objects are referred feminine. Though, a large number of nouns are masculine and feminine when referring to male and female objects respectively. But in other Nouns, the gender inflection is changed and expressed by adding suffixes.
The formation of feminine form of masculine nouns depends on the final sound of the masculine nouns. Mostly, only consonant ending, -a and -i ending masculine noun stems get inflection to form their feminine forms. The following changes and suffixes are employed to form feminine in Dogri: -
1. /-əni/,/-ani/, /-i/ and /-eani/ or /-ɛni/ suffixes are employed in complementary distribution to form feminine of consonant ending masculine noun stems whereas /-eani/ occurs in free variation with /-ɛni/. E.g.
Masculine Feminine मोर /mor/ ‘Peacock’ मोरनी / morani / ‘she peacock’ देर /der/ ‘Husband’s younger brother’ दरानी / darani/ ‘wife of husband’s younger brother’ कौल / kol/ ‘big bowl’ कौली / koli/ ‘small bowl’ पन्त / pənt/ ‘Pundit’ पन्तेआनी / pənteani/ or पन्तैनी /pəntɛni/’She Pandit’
2. The final -a of –a ending masculine noun stems change into /–i /to form feminine forms e.g. दादा / dada/ grand – father > दादी /dadi/ grand mother.
Note: There is good number of non-human nouns in Dogri which are used only in one gender, either in masculine or in feminine although those are having their females as well males naturally. Such as खचोपड़ /khəcopər/ ‘tortoise’, मच्छर /məcchər/ ‘mosquito’, जूं / jũ/ ‘louse’, मक्खी /məkkhi/ ‘fly’ etc.
Like other Modern Indo Aryan languages, Dogri has also only two numbers i.e. Singular and Plural. Singular denotes one and Plural denotes more than one. The Plural is also used as a polite and respectful form with reference to a single person. Proper and uncountable nouns like मखीर /məkhir/ ‘honey’,खुशी /khūʃi/ ‘happiness’ remain unchanged, and common and collective nouns get changed into plurals. In Dogri the formation of plural number depends on the gender and final sound of the nouns.
All Masculine Nouns, except /-a/ ending get zero inflection for the plurals e.g.
Singular Plural जागत / jagət / ‘boy’ जागत / jagət / ‘boys’ साधू / sàdu / ‘saint’ साधू / sàhu / ‘saints’ माली / mali / ’gardener’ माली / mali / ‘gardeners’ कवि / kəʋi / ‘poet’ कवि / kəʋi / ‘poets’
In Dogri almost all /-a/ ending masculine nouns get changed for plurals except few, such as मुखिया /mūkhija/ “chief”, नेता /neta/ ‘leader’ etc. The final /-a /changes into /-e/ in the plural forms of such masculine nouns e.g.
Singular Plural हीरा / ìra / ‘diamond’ हीरे / ìra/ ‘diamonds’ मामा / mama /‘maternal uncle’ मामे /mame/ ‘maternal uncles’ चाचा / caca / ‘paternal uncle’ चाचे /cace/ ‘paternal uncles’
In Dogri mostly आं /ã/ morpheme is added to the singular feminine noun stems to make their plural forms and the phonological changes in plural forms of feminine nouns depend on the final sound of the feminine nouns. By adding आं /-ã/, the following changes occur:
(i) Consonant termination changes into आं /-ã/ viz.
Singular plural
राता / rat/ ‘night’ > रातां / rata/ ‘nights’
(ii) आ /-a/ termination changes into आं /-ã/ . viz.
कविता / kəʋita / ‘poem’ > कवितां / kəʋitã / ‘poems’
(iii) ई /-i/ termination changes into आं /-ã/ viz.
कली / kali / ‘bud’ > कलियां / kaliya / ‘buds’
(iv) ऊ /-u/ termination changes into आं /ã/ such as
बू / bu / ‘aunt’ बुआं / būã/ ‘aunt’
(v) -ओ /-o/ termination changes into आं /ã/ such as
घो / kὸ / (creature of lizard family) घोआं /kὸã/(creatures of lizard family)
(vi) औ /-ɔ/ termination changes into आं /ã/ such as
गौ /gɔ/ ‘cow’ > गवां /gəʋã/ ‘cows’
(vii) आं /-a/ termination changes into आं /ã/ such as
छां /chã/ ‘shade’ > छांवां / chãʋã / ‘shades’
Semantically there are eight cases in Dogri namely – nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative and vocative and all these cases have exclusively different case markers which are used as postpositions to denote the relation of nouns with other words in the sentences. While the nouns are used in the sentences, these also modify their forms and on this level three cases can be distinguished namely the direct, oblique and vocative. Vocative is used only with animate nouns. There are only six forms of nouns in each gender in Dogri. Some forms come in more than one case.
The declension in Dogri Nouns depends on their final sound, gender and number. Mostly the modification occurs in the form of the final sound in the form of bound case marker and in some cases these take only case marker, as postposition express oblique forms.
(i) Masculine nouns ending in -अ /-a/ (ii) All other masculine nouns (iii) Feminine nouns ending in ‘consonants’ (iv) Feminine nouns ending in ‘vowels’
For oblique case, the final आ /-a/ of singular masculine nouns changes into-ए /-e/ and for vocative case it changes into -एआ /-ea/ .Whereas the final -ए /-e/ of plurals gets changed into -एं /-ẽ / for oblique case and into -ऐओ /-eo/ for vocative case.
Singular Plural Direct राजा / raja/‘King’ राजे / raje/ ‘Kings’ Oblique राजे / raje/ राजें / rajẽ/ Vocative राजेआ / rajea/ राजेओ / rajeo/
-ऐ /-ɛ/ is added to all other singular masculine noun stems except ending such nouns for oblique case but for plurals the same -एं /-ẽ/ is suffixed and in this process some phonological changes do occur. For vocative case all these singular nouns stems get changed into –आ /-a/ ending and plural nouns change into -ओ /-o/ ending.
Singular Plural
Direct जागत / jagət / ’boy’ जागत / jagət / ’boys’
Oblique जागत / जागता / जागतै जागतें /jagətẽ/
/jagət/ or /jagəta/ or /jagətɛ/
Vocative जागता /jagəta/ जागतो /jagəto/
Singular Plural Direct चन्न / cənn / ‘moon’ चन्न /cənnə/ ‘moons’ Oblique चन्न /चन्ना /चन्नै चन्ने / cənnẽ/ /cənnɛ/ or /cənnə/ or /cənna/ Vocative चन्ना / cənna/ चन्नो / cənno/
Singular Plural Direct कवि / kəʋi / ‘Poet’ कवि / kəʋi/ (Poets) Oblique कवि / कविया / कवियै कविये /kəʋiẽ/ /kəʋi/ or /kəʋia/ or /kəʋiɛ/ Vocative कविया / kəʋia / कवायो / kəʋio /
Singular Plural
Direct माली ‘gardener’ माली ‘gardeners’
Oblique माली / मालिया / मालियै मालिये
Vocative मालिया मालियो
Singular Plural
Direct साधू ‘saint’ साधू ‘saints’
Oblique साधू / साधुआ / साधुये साधुएं
Vocative साधुआ साधुओ
Singular Plural
Direct जौ /jɔ/ ‘Barley’ जौ /jɔ/ ‘Barley’
Oblique जौ / जवा / जवै जवें jəʋẽ
/jɔ/ or /jəʋa/ or /jəʋɛ/
Vocative
In Dogri, more than one forms are in use for oblique case of consonant ending feminine nouns. To some extent the general rule of case inflection gets employed but /-a/ or / -u / come in free variation with / -ɛ / with such singular feminine nouns and / -ẽ / is added with plural noun stems. While for vocative case / -e / is added to singular nouns stems and / -o / is suffixed with plural forms.
Singular Plural Direct कुड़ी / kūṛi / कुड़ियां / kūṛiã / Oblique कुड़ी /कुड़ियां /कुड़ियै कुड़ियें / kūṛiẽ / /kūṛi/ or /kūṛia/ or /kūṛiɛ/ Vocative कुड़िये /kūṛie/ कुड़ियो /kūṛio/
Mostly the final consonant of the feminine nouns denoting relations and uncountable nouns such as मा /ma/ ‘mother’ पित्तल /pittəl/ etc. get changed into -u in singular where as the general rule gets applied for plural oblique. In singular vocative case such animate nouns either remain unchanged or get changed into -ɛ ending and -o is added with such plural nouns for vocative case e.g.
Singular Plural
Direct भैन /pἑn/ ‘sister’ भैनां /pἑnã/ ‘sisters’
Oblique भैन / भैना / भैनै / भैनू भैनें /pἑnẽ/
/pἑn/ or /pἑna/ or /pἑnɛ/ or /pἑnu/
Vocative भैन / भैने भैनो /pἑno/
/pἑn/ or /pἑne/
In Dogri all /-a/ ending singular feminine nouns get zero inflection for oblique case but /-ẽ/ is added to such stems to form oblique case of plural noun stems. In vocative case also such singular nouns do not change whereas /-o/ added after final /-a /of plural stems.
Singular Plural Direct कला / kəla / ‘art’ कला / kəlã/ ‘arts’ Oblique कला / kəla/ कलाएं / kəlaẽ/ Vocative - -
Rest all feminine nouns ending in /-i/ , /-u/, /-o/, /-ɔ/ etc. get inflection for oblique and vocative case under one general rule i.e. -ɛ for singular and /-ẽ/ for plural oblique and for vocative /-e/ for singular and /-o/ for plural e.g.
Singular Plural
Direct कुड़ी / kūṛi / ‘girl’ कुड़ियां / kūṛiã / ‘girls’
नूंह् /nũʹ/ ‘daughter-in –law’ नुंहां /nũãʹ/ə ‘daughters-in-law’
मैंह /mɛ̃ ʹ/ ‘buffalo’ मैंहियां / mɛ̃i ʹã / ‘buffaloes’
घो /kὸ/ ‘creature of Lizard family’ घोआं /kὸã/ ‘creatures of lizard family'
गौ /gɔ/ ‘cow’ गवां /gəʋã/ ‘cows’
Oblique कुड़ी /कुड़िया /कुड़ियै कुड़िये /kūṛiẽ/
/kūṛi/ or /kūṛia/ or /kūṛiɛ/
नूंह् /नुंहां /नुंहै नुंहें /nũẽ ʹ/
/nũ ʹ/ or /nũã ʹ/ or /nũἑ/
मैंह / मैंही / मैंहिया / मैंहियै मैंहियें /mɛ̃ìẽ/
/mɛ̃ ʹ/ or /mɛ̃ì/ or /mɛ̃ ʹia/ or /mɛ̃ìɛ/
घो /घोआ / घोऐ घोएं /kὸẽ/
/kὸ/ or /kὸa/ or /kὸɛ/
गौ /गवा /गवै गवें /gəʋẽ/
/gɔ/ or /gəʋa/ or /gəʋɛ/
Vocative
कुड़िये /kūṛie/ कुड़ियो /kūṛio/
नुंहे /nũeʹ/ नुंहो /nũὸ/
मैंहिये /mɛ̃ìe/ मैंहियो /mɛ̃ìo/
घोए /kὸe/ घोओ /kὸo/
गवे /gəʋe/ गवो /gəʋo/
In Dogri, when a noun is used in a sentence certain case markers/signs are also placed after it. Direct and vocative nouns need no postpositions whereas in oblique case postpositions are used and preposition is used for vocative case. The postpositions used in Dogri are as under :-
i) ने /ne/ (Agent)
गी /ne/ or की /ki/ or ई /i/ (Accusative)
कन्नै / नै /kənnɛ/nɛ/ or कशा / शा /kəʃa/ or /ʃa/ or (Instrumental)
कोला /kola/ or थमां /thəmã/
(iv) आस्तै /astɛ/ or गितै / तै /gitɛ / tɛ/ or (Dative)
लेई /lei/ or ताई / taĩ / or जोह्गा /jo ʹga/
(v) उप्परा / परा / रा /ūppəra/pəra/ ra/ or बिच्चा / इच्चा / चा /bicca/ icca/ca/
or कशा / शा /kəʃa/ʃa/ or कोला /kola/ etc. (Ablative)
vi) दा, दी, दे, दियां /da,di,de,diã/, रा, री, रे, रियां /ra,ri,re,riã/
ड़ा, ड़ी, ड़े, ड़ियां /ṛa,ṛi,ṛe,ṛiã/, ना, नी, ने, नियां /na,ni,ne,niã/
(Genitive) “last three are used only with pronouns”
vii) उप्पर / पर / र /ūppər/ pər/ rə/, बिच्च /इच्च /च /biccə/ iccə/ cə/ (Locative)
viii) ओ / ए /o/ e/ (Vocative)
Like nouns, pronouns also get affected by grammatical categories such as number and case and not by gender, but their gender is indicated by the verbal forms. Plural forms are also used to express honour, respect and politeness for singular. As far as case forms are concerned, vocative case inflection cannot be seen. There are four case forms-Direct, Indirect (Nominative, Accusative), Instrumental and Genitive. The Genitive forms of pronouns also function as adjectives.
There are six types of pronouns in Dogri, namely Personal, Demonstrative, Indefinite, Relative, Interrogative and Reflexive and all these pronouns undergo changes in declension and case markers are used postpositionally.
Following the traditional classes in Dogri, personal pronouns are classified into three classes – First person, Second person and Third person.
Singular Plural
Direct में /अऊं /mẽ/ or /eʹũ/ (I) अस / əs / (We)
Indirect
(Nominative में /अऊं /mẽ/ or /əʹũ/ असें /əsẽ/
Accusative ) मि /mi/ असें /əsẽ/
Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, मेरे /mere/ साढ़े /sàṛe/
Locative
Genitive मेरा / मेरी / मेरे / मेरियां साढ़ा / साढ़ी / साढ़े / साढ़ियां
/mere/meri/mere/meriã/ /sàṛa/sa ʹṛi/sàṛe/sàṛiã/
Singular Plural Direct तूं / तुद्द / तोह् /tũ/tūddə/to ʹ/ (You) तुस / tūs /(You) Indirect (Nominative तूं / तुद्द / तोह् /tũ/tūddə/to ʹ/ तुसे /tūsẽ/ Accusative) तु / tū / तुसें /tūsẽ/ Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, तेरे /tərə/ तुंदे / थुआढ़े / तुसाढ़े Locative /tūnde/thūàṛe/tūsàṛe/ Genitive तेरा / तेरी / तेरे / तेरियां तुंदा / तुंदी / तुंदे / तुंदियां /tera/teri/tere/teriã/ /tūnda/tūndi/tūnde/tūndiã/ थुआढ़ा / थुआढ़ी / थुआढ़े / थुआढ़ियां /thūàṛa/ thūàṛi/ thūàṛe/ tūàṛiã/ तुसाढ़ा / तुसाढ़ी / तुसाढ़े / तुसाढ़ियां /tūsàṛa/ tūsàṛi/ tūsàṛe/ tūsàṛiã/
Singular Plural Direct ओह् /o ʹ/ (He) ओह् / o ʹ / (They) Indirect (Nominative उस / उन्न /ūs/ उनें /ū ʹnẽ/ Accusative) उस / उन्न /ūs/ ūsəde/o ʹde/ उनें /ūnde/ Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, उस / उसदे / ओह्दे उंदे /ūnde/ Locative /ūs/ūsəde/ o ʹde/ Genitive उसदा / उसदी / उसदे / उसदियां उंदा / उंदी / उंदे / उंदियां /ūsəda/ūsədi/ūsəde/ūsədiã/ /ūnda/ūndi/ūnde/ūndiã/ ओह्दा / ओह्दी / ओह्दे / ओह्दियां /o ʹda/ o ʹdi/ o ʹde /o ʹdiã/
There are two forms of Demonstrative Pronouns namely, Proximate Demonstratives and Remote Demonstrative. The proximate demonstratives like ,एह् /e ʹ/ and the remote demonstrative like ओह् /o ʹ/ are also used as adjectives.
Singular Plural
Direct एह् /e ʹ/ एह् / e ʹ/
Indirect
(Nominative इस / इन्न /is/ìnnə/ इनें /i ʹnẽ/
Accusative) इस / इन्न / is/ìnnə/ इनें /i ʹnẽ/
Instrumental, Dative, इस / इसदे / एह्दे /isə/isde/eʹde/ इंदे /inde/
Ablative,Locative
Genitive इसदा / इसदी / इसदे / इसदियां इंदा / इंदी / इंदे / इंदियां
/isəda/isədi/isəde/isədiã/ /inda/indi/inde/indiã/
ओह्दा / ओह्दी / ओह्दे / ओह्दियां
/o ʹda/ o ʹdi/ o ʹde / o ʹdiã/
(b) Remote Demonstrative Pronoun is vksg~ /o ʹ/ (that). Its declension is like third person pronoun and it is used like that also.
Indefinite pronouns are also of two types – for living things कोई /koi/(someone) and the pronoun which refers non-living things किश /kiʃ/ (something). These both function like adjectives also. Animate pronoun has only two case forms, direct and oblique.
Declension Singular Plural Direct कोई /koi/ कोई /koi/ Indirect कुसै /kūsɛ/ केइयें /keiẽ/
Inanimate indefinite Pronoun किश /kiʃ/ (something) Direct किश / kiʃ/ Indirect किसै / kisɛ/
जो /jo/ (who, which, what etc.) is relative pronoun and सो /so/ is correlative pronoun. Correlative pronoun remains unchanged only जो /jo/ gets inflection.
Declension
Singular Plural
Direct जो /jo/ or जेह्ड़ा / je ʹṛa/ जो /jo/ or जेह्ड़े /je ʹṛe/
Indirect
(Nominative, जिस /jis/ जिन्न /ji ʹnnə/ जिनें / ji ʹnẽ/
Accusative) जिस /jis/ जिनें / ji ʹnẽ/
Instrumental, Dative, जिस / जिसदे / जेह्दे जिंदे
Ablative,Locative
/jis/jisəde/je ʹde/ ji ʹnde/
Genitive जिसदा / जिसदी / जिसदे / जिसदियां जिंदा / जिंदी / जिंदे / जिंदियां
/jisəda/jisədi/jisədə/jisədiã/ /ji ʹnda/ji ʹndi/ji ʹnde/ji ʹndiã/
जेह्दा / जेह्दी / जेह्दे / जेह्दियां
/je ʹda/je ʹdiɛ/je ʹde/je ʹdiã/
These are also of two types – Animate and Inanimate कुन /kū ʹn/(who) is animate interrogative and केह् /ke ʹ/ (what) is used for inanimate things.
Declension Singular Plural Direct कुन /kū ʹn/ कुन / kū ʹn / Indirect (Nominative, कुन्न / कुस कुनें / kū ʹnə / / kū ʹnnə /kūs/ Accusative) कुस /kūs/ कुनें / kū ʹnẽ / Instrumental,Dative, कुस /कुसदे /कोह्दे कुंदे Ablative,Locative / kūs/kūsəde/ko ʹde/ /kū ʹnde/ Genitive कुसदा/कुसदी/कुसदे/कुसदियां कुंदा/कुंदी/कुंदे/कुंदियां /kūsəda/ kūsədi / kūsəde/ kūsədiã / /kū ʹnda/kū ʹndi/kū ʹnde/kū ʹndiã/ कोह्दा /कोह्दी /कोह्दे /कोह्दियां /ko ʹda/ko ʹdi/ko ʹde/ko ʹdiã/
Singular
Direct केह् /ke ʹ/
Indirect (Nominative, किस /kis/
Accusative ) किस /kis/
Instrumental, Dative, किसदे /कैह्दे /kisəde/kɛ ʹde/
Ablative,Locative
Genitive किसदा / किसदी / किसदे / किसदियां
/kisəda/kisədi/kisəde/kisədiã/
कैह्दा / कैह्दी / कैह्दे / कैह्दियां
/kɛ ʹda/kɛ ʹdi/kɛ ʹde/kɛ ʹdiã/
Same form is used as singular as well as plural.
Singular& Plural Direct आपूं /apũ/ Indirect (Nominative आपूं /apũ/ Accusative) Instrumental, Dative, अपने /apəne/ Ablative,Locative Genitive अपना / अपनी / अपने / अपनियां /apəna/apəni/apəne/apəniã /
In Dogri, adjectives functions like noun also e.g. गोरा नेई आया /gora neĩ aja/ (White did not come) and as adjectives these function as attributive and predicative.
In attributive use the adjectives qualify their nouns directly, coming before nouns e.g.
लम्मा जागत आया /ləmma jagat aja/ The tall boy came. काली गौ आई /kali gɔ ai/ The black cow came.
In predicative use the adjectives qualify their nouns indirectly through the predicate e.g.
1. सेअऊ मिट्ठा ऐ / seəu miʈʈha ɛ / Apple is sweet. 2. उन कमीज निक्की बनाई /ū ʹnnə kəmij nikki bənai/ He made the shirt small.
Adjectives in Dogri are classified under four main heads – Qualitative, Numeral, Quantitative and Demonstrative.
Qualitative adjectives describe the condition, quality, shape, colour, place etc. of things or persons. Hence there are seven sub-types of qualitative adjectives –
(a) दलेर / dəler / ‘courageous’, चंगा / cəŋga / ‘good’, शिक्षत /ʃikʃət / ‘educated’ etc. (b) गोरा / gora / ‘fair’, काला / kala / ‘black’, सूहा / su ʹa / ‘red’ etc. (c) गोल / gol / ‘round’, चौरस / cɔrəs / ‘square’, मुट्टा / mūʈʈa / ‘fat’ etc. (d) नमां / nəmã/ ‘new’, पराना / pərana / ‘old’, प्राचीन / pracin / ‘ancient’ etc. (e) ग्रांई / graĩ / ‘villager’, कश्मीरी / kəʃmiri / ‘Kashmiri’, शैह्रू /ʃɛ ʹru / ‘of city’ etc. (f) कनजोर / kəməjor / ‘weak’, खुश / khūʃ / ‘happy’, दुआस / dūas / ‘sad’ etc.
Qualitative adjectives also describe the faults and weaknesses of the persons or things such as कमीना / kəmina / ‘mean’ , बुरा / būra / ‘bad’, भ्रश्ट / prəʹʃʈə/ ‘corrupt’ etc.
Numeral adjectives indicate numbers – definite or indefinite. Thus these are two main types of numeral adjectives in Dogri.
There are five sub categories of definite adjectives – cardinal, ordinal, multiplicative, collective.
Cardinals are used for counting and these also precede the nouns they qualify. Following are the cardinal numbers in Dogri:-
1 – 100
Fractional cardinals are पौना / səʋa / ‘a quarter less’, सवा / səʋa /’with a quarter’, ड़ेढ /ɖe ʹɖ/ ‘one and half’, साढ़े / sàɖe / ‘with a half’ etc.
Ordinals are used for indicating order in a series such as पैह्ला /pɛ ʹla / ‘first’, दूआ / dua / ‘second’, चौथा / cɔtha / ‘fourth’ etc.
Such adjectives indicate multiplication of cardinals e.g. दोह्रा /do ʹra / ‘double’, चौह्रा / cɔ ʹra / ‘four times/four fold’ etc.
The cardinal number from 1-10 are used as collectives e.g. दोऐ /doɛ / ‘both’, चारै / carɛ/ ‘all four’ etc.
Certain pairs of numerals denote approximation and such numerals are called indefinite numerals e.g. किस / kiʃ / ‘some, a few’, केई / keĩ / ‘many, several’, सब्भै / sə ʹbbɛ/ ‘all’ etc.
Indefinite numerals are also formed by adding some definite numerals with indefinite numerals e.g.
(a) कोई + Cardinals = कोई दस / koi dəs / ‘only ten’ etc.
(b) Plural of big numbers ज्हारां बरे /jaʹrã bə ʹre/ ‘thousands of years’, लक्खा रपेऽ / ləkkhã-rəpe:/ ‘Lacs of rupees’, करोड़ां लोक / kəroṛã lok / ‘million of people’.
(c) By repeating single cardinal: लक्ख-लक्ख / ləkkhã- ləkkhã / ‘lac-lac, बीह्-बीह् / bi ʹ - bi ʹ/ ‘ twenty-twenty’
(d) By using two different cardinals: चाली-बताली साल / cali -bətali sal / ‘some forty years’.
Nouns denoting measure, weight etc. when preceded by numerals or by adjectives is used as adjectives of quantity e.g.
दो मीटर कपड़ा / do miʈər kəpəṛa / ‘two meter cloth’ इक क्विंटल चौल / ik kʋiɳʈəl cɔl / ‘one quintal rice’ दो कप काफी / do kəp kafi / ‘two cup coffee’
Quantitative are also of two types – definite and indefinite. There is least difference between indefinite numerals and indefinite quantitatives. When indefinite numerals precede uncountable material nouns exp. then these function as indefinite quantitative and when these precede common nouns then these function as indefinite numerals such as -- किस जागत / kiʃ jagət / ‘some boys’, मते गलास / məte gəlas / ‘many tumblers’.
Demonstratives are also called pronominal adjective as these are formed from pronouns. Almost all pronouns are used as adjectives with qualifying nouns following them e.g.:
a) मेरी कताब / meri kətab / ‘my book’ (genitive of first person)
तेरा झोला / tera cὸla / ‘your bag’ (genitive of second person)
ओह्दी धी / o ʹdi tì / ‘her daughter’ (genitive of third person)
(b) एह् कुड़ी / eʹ kūṛi / ‘This girl’, ओह् जागत / o ʹ jagət / that boy
(c) कोई कुड़ी / koi kūṛi /‘Any girl’, किस कम्म / kiʃ kəmmə / ‘some work’
(d) कुन आदमी / kū ʹn adəmi /‘Which man’, केह्ड़ी चीज / ke ʹṛi cij / ‘ what thing’
(e) केह् समां / ke ʹ səmã / What time, कुन आदमी /kū ʹn adəmi/ which man
(f) अपना कम्म /əpəna kəmmə/ ‘Own work’,अपने लोक / əpəne lok/ ‘own people’ etc.
Pronominal adjectives not only function as demonstrative adjectives but also as qualitative as well as quantitative e.g.
Pronoun Form Adjectives एह / e ʹ/ ‘This’ इस / is/ इयै नेहा / i ʹɛ ne ʹa / ‘like this’ ओह /o ʹ/ ‘That’ उस /ūs/ उऐ नेहा /ū ʹɛ ne ʹa/ like that जो /jo/ Who,which जिस /jis/ जनेहा /jəneaʹ / as, (so) correlative कुन /kū ʹn/ किस /kis/ कनेहा /kəneaʹ/ how
Pronoun Form Adjectives एह् /e ʹ/ ‘This’ इस /is/ इन्ना /inna/ ‘This much’ ओह् /o ʹ/ ‘That’ उस /ūs/ उन्ना /ūnna/ ‘That much’ जो /jo/ ‘Who, which’ जिस /jis/ जिन्ना /jinna/ ‘As much’ कुन /kū ʹn/ ‘Who’ कुस /kūs/ किन्ना /kinna/ ‘How much’
Adjectives are declinable but only –a ending masculine adjectives change. All such adjectives change for gender, number and case where as feminine adjectives are concerned, only –i ending feminine adjectives get inflection for number and case. All others remain unchanged. Declinables get changed according to the following rules:
Masculine शैल जागत /ʃɛl jagət / ‘beautiful boy’, शैल जागत /ʃɛl jagət / ‘beautiful boys’ Feminine शैल कुड़ी /ʃɛl kūṛi / ‘beautiful girl’, शैल कुड़ियां /ʃɛl kūṛiã/ ‘ beautiful girls’
(a) The final –a of the masculine adjectives changes into –i to form feminine form of the adjectives e.g.
Masculine Feminine काला घोड़ा / kala kὸṛa / ‘block horse’ काला घोड़ी / kali kὸṛi / ‘black mare’
(b) To form the plural of –a ending masculine adjectives the final –a changes into -e and /- / is added to the /-i/ ending singular feminine adjectives to form their plurals
Singular Plural Masculine काला घोड़ा / kala kὸṛa / ‘block horse’ काला घोड़े /kale kὸṛe/ ‘block horse’ Feminine काली घोड़ी / kali kὸṛi / ‘black mare’ कालियां घोड़ियां /kaliã kὸṛiã/ ‘black mares’
(c) Only /-a/ ending masculine adjectives and /-i/ ending feminine adjectives get change for case, all others remain uninflected.
In Dogri there are three cases namely Direct, Oblique and Vocative for which these adjectives get inflect but masculine plural form does not inflect for case.
Masculine Singular Plural Direct गोरा जागत / gora jagət / गोरे जागत / gore jagət / Oblique गोरे जागतै / gore jagətɛ/ गोरे जागतें / gore jagətẽ / Vocative गोरेआ जागता / gorea jagət / गोरेओ जागतो / goreo jagəto / Feminine Singular Plural Direct गोरी कुड़ी gori kūṛi गोरियां कुड़ियां goriã kūṛiã Oblique गोरी कुड़ियै gori kūṛiɛ गोरियें कुड़ियें goriẽ kūṛiẽ Vocative गोरिये कुड़िये gorie kūrie गोरियो कुड़ियो gogio kūṛio
In Dogri the sense of comparative and superlative degree is expressed generally by using postposition शा/कोला/थमां /ʃa kola thəmã/. When the comparison is between two things or persons only these postpositions are used and when comparison is made with all things or persons then सब/सारें/सभनें /səb/ or /sarẽ/ or /sə ʹbənẽ/ precede these case signs.
कुड़ी जागतै शा शैल ऐ / kūṛi jagətɛ ʃa ʃɛl ɛ / ‘The girl is more beautiful than boy’. रस्सी तारै कोसा लम्मी ही / rəssi tarɛ kola ləmmihi / ‘The rope was longer than the wire’.
/एह् कुड़ी सारें शा शैल ऐ / e ʹ kūṛi sarẽ ʃa ʃɛl ɛ / ‘This girl is the most beautiful’.
bIcca / Ica / ca is also used to express the sense of superiority or inferiority of a thing or person when compared with two or more.
इनें दौनें चा कुन लम्मा ऐ ? /inẽ donẽ ca kūʹn ləmma ẽ/ ‘Who is taller between these two?’ सारें बिच्चा केह्ड़ा फुल्ल शैल हा ? /Sarẽ bIcca ke ʹṛa phūllə ʃɛl hã?/ ‘Which flower was beautiful amongst all?’
As defined, it is a word which is used as a predicate denoting ‘action’, ‘being’ or ‘becoming’. The verb is mainly categorized as Finite and non-finite. In Dogri Finite verb has synthetic forms e.g. चलां /cəlã/. ‘I may walk’ as well as analytic forms e.g. चलदा ऐ /cələda ɛ/. ‘He walks’. Finite verb gets inflection for gender, number, person, voice, tense, mood etc. The forms of the verb are made by adding suffixes of above mentioned grammatical categories to the roots.
The roots may be classified on more than one bases, so may be the classes, as:
(i) Transitive and intransitive (ii) Close ending and open ending (iii) Original and derivative
But every verbal root has all these qualities. For example: जा /ja/ ‘go’ is intransitive, open ending and original. डंग /ɖəŋg/ ‘sting’ is transitive, close ending and derivative.
As for verb structure is concerned it may be either simple कर /kər/ ‘do’ or compound पढ़ी ओड़ /pə ʹṛi oṛ/ ‘read out’ or conjunct मसूस कर /məsus kər/ ‘do feel’ and whatever may be the structure, they inflect in the same paradigm as पढ़ा /pə ʹṛã/ ‘I may read’ , पढ़ी ओड़ा /pə ʹṛi oṛã/ ‘I may read out’. It may be made clear that in compound and conjunct construction, inflection occurs in auxiliary verb.
Simple stems are of two types – primary and secondary. A primary stem may be called verbal root. It is monomorphemic in structure, for example दे /de/ (give), बलग /bələg/ (wait) etc. and may be used in simple verbal structure or in compound structure. Secondary stems on the other hand are polymorphemic and are formed by suffixes with either primary verbal stems or with nominal stems. Verb based on secondary stems in Dogri may be classified as follows:
(i) Causative Verb (ii) Denominative Verb (iii) Onomatopoetic Verb
The verb stems get inflected for gender, number, person, tense, mood, voice and aspect and two or more categories gets morphologically fused, hence there is no one-to-one correspondence between the inflectional suffixes and categories denoted by them, particularly, person and mood cannot be separated. However some general observations regarding these grammatical categories are being made, which are as follows:
In Dogri there are two genders – masculine and feminine. /-a/ and /-i/ are the suffixes added to verb stem along with other suffixes to denote the masculine and feminine gender of the subject or object respectively.
Singular and plural distinguish one and more. In honorific forms, plural forms of the verb are used even for the singular. /-e/ is plural suffix for masculine and /-iã/ for feminine. Distinction of number is made by inflection in all the tenses, moods, aspects etc.
The forms of the verb indicating the time of action are called tenses. Dogri has three tenses – Present, Past and Future.
Structurally tense formations are both radical and periphrastic. Except the indefinite imperfect, indefinite perfect and future, all other have periphrastic forms formed by compounding present, past and future forms of Verb and tense marker occurs at the end and gets modifications. .For example –
Present Tense Singular Plural First person आं /ã/ आं /ã/ Second person एं / ẽ/ ओ / ẽ/ Third person ऐ /ɛ/ न /nə/ Past Tense Singular Plural First person हा /ha/ हे /he/ Second person हा /ha/ हे /he/ Third person हा /ha/ हे /he/ Future Tense Singular Plural First person -ङ /-ŋə/ -गे /-गियां /-ge/ /-giã/ Second person -गा /-गी /-ga/ /-gi/ -गे /-गियां /-ge / /-giã/ Third person -गे /-ge/ -ङन / -ŋən/
Dogri has three main voices: Active, Passive and Impersonal but the passive conjugation is employed in broader usage. The occurrence of passive voice in Dogri is counted in its linguistic as well grammatical peculiarities. As such, Dogri is characterized as passive voiced language.
The voice indicates that the subject does something, is, or is becoming something, thus in active voice the grammatical subject is also the logical subject.
The passive voice represents the subject as acted upon. Thus, in the passive voice, the grammatical subject is not the logical subject – ‘the doer’, but the logical object – the person or the thing towards whom the action is directed.
In modern Indian languages, the inflected passive forms are generally used under the rule of modern analytic passive system, where as in Dogri it is constituted with the help of जा /ja/ stem. Different forms of जा /ja/ ‘go’ are used separately with past participle of transitive stems e.g. लिखेआ गेआ /lekhea gea/ ‘is written’ but in common speech it occurs more synthetically and frequently. The synthetic passive construction is commonly formed by adding suffix morpheme –ओ /-o/ to the verb stem. This suffix morpheme of passivization in Dogri has three fold usages or in other words, it has three allomorphs such as:
(i) -ओ /-o/ suffix is added to verb stem before suffix or suffixes of other grammatical categories. This suffix occurs with consonant and ____ ending roots.
Root Stem Verb Form तुप्प / tūppə / ‘find’ तपो / təpo / तपोआ / təpoa / फड़् /phəṛ/ ‘hold’ फड़ो /phəṛo/ फड़ोआ /phəṛo/
(ii) -नो /-no/ suffix occurs with long vowel ending verb root in complementary distribution with
Root Stem Verb Form /धो / tὸ / ‘wash’ /धनो /təʹno/ /धनोह्ग/təʹno ʹg/ /दे /de/ ‘give’ दनो /dəno/ /दनोना /dənona/
(iii) The occurrence of -ओच् /-oc/ suffix is very rare as it comes only in free variation with -ओ /-o / suffix with stem such as सुन / sūn / listen भर /pəʹr/ ‘fill’ टंग /ʈəŋg/ ‘hang’ etc.
Root Stem Verb Form
सुन / sūn / ‘listen’ सनोच / sənoc / सनोचा / sənoc /
भर / pəʹr/ ‘fill’ भरोच / pəʹroc / भरोचग / pəʹroc /
टंग /ʈəŋg / ‘hang’ टंगोच / ʈəŋgoc / टंगोची / ʈəŋgoci /
Impersonal voice is the passivization of intransitive verbs. And in Dogri ____ is used separately with infinitive form of the verb for the formation of impersonal voice. In Dogri like passive voice it’s construction is also analytic as well as synthetic but as per language nature, in common speech, mostly it is used in syncopated form. For example:
Root Infinitive form Impersonal Form जा / ja / ‘go’ जाना / jana / जान होंदा / jan ὸnda / a
But in synthetic construction it is the same as in passive voice. –ओ /-o/ suffix is added to intransitive verb stems before the suffix or suffixes of other grammatical categories, e.g.
Root Stem Verb Form चल / cəl/ ‘walk’ चलो / cəlo / चलोंदा / cəlonda / टुर / ʈūr/ ‘walk’ टरो /ʈəro / टरोआ / ʈəroa / खुल्ल / khū ʹllə / ‘to be open’ खलोह् / khəlo ʹ/ खलोह्ग / khə ʹlo ʹg /
In Dogri, generally, there are three moods-Indicative, Imperative and Subjunctive with further divisions. So there are six moods-Indicative, Imperative, Optative, Potential, Presumptive and Contingent. These moods are mostly expressed by combining forms of gks root with present and past participles. There is no one-to-one correspondence between the inflectional suffixes and categories denoted by verbs particularly person and mood, their suffixes cannot be separated. (please see conjugation of root).
In Dogri there are four aspects such as Imperfect, Perfect, Progressive and Habitual.
Imperfect aspect is expressed by using tense marker with present participle e.g. / चलदा ऐ / ‘goes’and to express perfect aspect tense marker ऐ /ɛ/ ‘is’ with modifications due to number, gender, person etc. comes in combination with past participle. such as has गेआ ऐ /have gone . The progressive aspect represents the action as progressing and not ended. The progressive forms are made with the help of कर /kər/ root. Present participle of this root is combined with the main verb. The main verb form is made by attaching आ /-a/ ऐ /-ɛ/ to the root. Tense marker /ऐ / हा / /ɛ/ ha/ ‘is /was’ is used to express the tense such as जा करदा ऐ /ja kərəda ɛ/ ‘is going’. For the expression of habitual aspect the present participle of हो root is combined with present participle of main verb before tense marker e.g. करदा होंदा ऐ /kərəda o ʹ da ɛ/ ‘use to do’.
In Dogri the verb undergoes some changes in itself to give its causal form and causative verb has the same forms (number, gender, mood etc.) as the primary transitive verb. Many verbs have two causative forms - First causative and Second causative but there are also some verbs which have only one causative like nsuk /dena/ ‘to give’nksvkuk /doana/ ‘to cause to give’.
Generally, the First Causative Verbs are formed by appending –आऽ /-a:/ to the root e.g. चल् /cəl/ चलाऽ / cəla:/. In some cases the root is modified e.g.जाग् /jag/ जग /jag/ and then –आऽ /-a:/ is added to the roots e.g. जाग् /jag/ जग /jag/ जगाऽ /jaga:/. To form second causative verb -ओआऽ /oa:/ is added to the root or the modified form.viz.
पढ़ /pə ʹṛ/पढ़ाऽ/pə ʹṛa:/पढ़ोआऽ/pə ʹṛoa:/ जाग् /jag/जगाऽ/jaga:/जगोआऽ/jagoa:/
Some other rules observed for formation of causative verbs are as under :
1. In two letter roots initial vowel आ /-a /, ई /-i /ऊ /-u / etc. are shortened and ल / l /is inserted between the shortened vowel and causal affixes .e.g.पी / pi / पलाऽ / pəla: / पलोआऽ / pəlo: /.
2. Metathesis is another feature of causative verb formation in Dogri. Metathesis mostly occurs between first two letters specially when उ /ū / and tonal vowels are there in initial position. In case of polysyllabic roots causal affix आ /a / is inserted before the third letter of the root.
उतर् /ūtər / तुआर / tūar / तरोआऽ / təroa:/ हस्स / eʹss / स्हाऽ / saʹ: / स्होआऽ / sὸa:/
Besides the above there are also some irregular formations e.g.
ले / le / लेआऽ/, /लेओऽ/lea: / , /leo: / नोआऽ /noa: /.
In Dogri, Denominative verbs are formed by adding अना /-əna-/, आ /-a/, आना /-ana/, एआना /-eana/, एरना /-erəna/ etc. Suffixes to nominals e.g.
Noun / Adjective Verb रंग /rəŋg/ ‘colour’ रंगना /rəŋgəna/ ‘to dye’ भखन /Pəʹkhən/ ‘heat, warmth’ भखना /Pəʹkhəna/ ‘to get hot or warm’ समझ /sə ʹməj/ ‘understanding’ समझना /sə ʹməjana/ ‘to make understand’ बड्डा /bəɖɖa/ ‘elder’ बडेआना /bəɖeana/ ‘togive respect honour etc.’ बड्डा /bəɖɖa/ ‘elder’ बडेरना /bəɖerəna/ ‘make to grow’ etc.
In Dogri there is quite a large number of onomatopoeic verbs also. They are formed either by adding to the such roots or by duplicating the first part and then adding -आना e.g. so there is two types of Onomatopoeic verbs in Dogri-1) Proper onomatopoeic, 2) Reduplicated roots:
1 तिडकना /tiləkəna/ “To crack” चैह्कना /cɛ ʹkəna/ “to chirp” 2 खड़खड़ाना /khəṛəkhəṛana/ “To knock” भिनभिनाना /pìnəpìnana/ “to buzz”
Usage of compound verb is very common in Dogri and is formed by combining two or more verbs. The first verb of such structure is main verb and the others are auxiliaries. The main verb forms are as under: -
1. Root with -i ending (short form of conjunctive participle) 2. Infinitive (direct, oblique and inflected forms) 3. Imperfect participle (direct, oblique and inflected forms) 4. Perfect participle (direct, oblique and inflected forms) 5. Root with –a ending (short form of progressive participle)
In Dogri, the conjunctive participle is formed by adding –i to the stem and then करी / kəri /is combined with this form. such as गाई करी / gai kəri / . There is one more form also which is formed by adding इयै /-iɛ / with the root but only –i ending conjunctive form is used as main verb in compound verb- formation. सकना /səkəna/, चुकना /cūkəna/,जाना /jana /, पौना /pɔna/, देना /dena/, रौह्ना /rɔ ʹna/ etc. are prominent auxiliary verbs which combine with this form of main verb to express the different senses. The main verb remains indeclinable and all the modifications regarding number, gender, persons etc. occur in auxiliaries. Such as
जागत आई गेआ ऐ /jagət ai gea / ‘The boy has come.’
कुड़ी गाई सकदी ऐ / kūṛi gai səkədi ɛ / ‘The girl can sing.’
The infinitive verbs are formed by adding ना / -na / to the roots. पौना /pɔna/, चाह्ना /càna/, लोड़दा/ loṛəda/ etc. are main auxiliary verbs which are used in combination with simple form of infinitives as main verbs and लगना / ləgəna/, ikSuk / पौना /, देना / dena/ etc. are combined with oblique and inflected forms of infinitives. when pɔna auxiliary verb is combined with infinitives, it denotes compulsion for the doer to do that act e.g. ´ञ्याणे ने जाना पौना ऐ /ɲjane ne jana pɔna ɛ/. The child has to go where as लोड़दा / loṛəda/ expresses obligation of the duty e.g. ´ञ्याणे ने कताब पढ़नी लोड़दी /ɲjane ne kətab pə ʹṛəni loṛədi/ The child should read the book. देना /dena/ expresses permission e.g. ञ्याणे गी जाल देओ / ɲjane gi jan deo/ Let the child go. and लगना /ləgəna/ denotes start or commencement of the action of the main verb. such as ञ्याणा जान लगा /ɲjana jan ləga/ The child started to go.
रौह्ना /rɔ ʹna/, औना /ɔna/, जाना /jaca/, होना /ὸna/ etc. are favourite auxiliary verb which combine with present participle and these give the sense as continuatives, staticals, habituatives etc. and present participle as main verb occurs in direct, indirect and repetitive form. e.g.
ओह् पढ़दा रेहा /o ʹ pə ʹṛəda re ʹa / ‘He kept on reading’. ओह् पढ़दा गेहा /o ʹ pə ʹṛəda gea / ‘He went on reading’. ओह् पढ़दा होंदा हा /o ʹ pə ʹṛəda ὸnda ha / ‘He used to read’.
रौह्ना /rɔ ʹna/ is prominent auxiliary verb which combines with past participle to make compound verb contraction. It gives the sense of continuity of the action denoted by the main verb. e.g. ओह् लेटेआ रौह्दा ऐ /o ʹ leʈea rɔnda ɛ/ ‘He remains lying’.
with such main verb only one करना /kərəna/ ‘do’ verb combines as auxiliary and it comes only in imperative form. It gives the senses of habit or repetition or continuity of the action. e.g. पढ़ा कर /pə ʹṛa kər/ ‘use to read’.
A use of conjunct verb is also very common like compound verbs in Dogri. The structure of conjunct verb is same as compound verb but the difference is only that auxiliary verb are combined with nominals (nouns and adjectives). Nominals are either in direct or oblique form and all inflections occur in auxiliary verbs. होना /ὸna/ ‘to be’ करना /kərəna/ ‘to do’, लगना /ləgəna/ ‘to feel’ etc. are main auxiliary verbs which combine with the nominal and when they denote the sense of experience, enjoyment, happening etc. to the subject.
e.g. उसी कुशी होई / ūsi khūʃi ὸi/ ‘He felt happiness’.
मिगी म्हेशा चेतै रौह्ग / migi məʹʃa cetɛ rɔ ʹgə/ ‘I shall always remember’.
उसी गुलाब शैल लगदा ऐ / ūsi gūlab ʃɛl ləgəda ɛ/ ‘He likes the rose’.
Non finite verbs show adjectival, subjectival or adverbial characteristics for members of finite verbs. In Dogri the main non-finite forms of the verb are: Infinitive, noun of agency, conjunctive participle, imperfect participle, perfect participle, compound perfect participle.
In Dogri ना /-na/ is the formative suffix of infinitives. The use of infinitive as verbal noun functions in three forms e.g. direct, oblique and inflected viz.
चलना सेह्ना लेई खरा होंदा ऐ / cələna se ʹtal lei khəra ὸnad ɛ / ‘Walking is good for health’ ओह् उसी मिलन आया / o ʹ ūsi milən aja / ‘He came to meet’. उन्न उसी औने लेई आखेआ / ūʹnnə ūsi ɔne lei akhea / ‘He told him to come’.
The noun of agency is found by adding आह्ला /àla/ ‘of’ to an inflected infinitive verb. The final /-a/ of infinitive is changed into ए /-e/ and inflection for number, gender and case in the suffix. आह्ला /àla/ as non-finite it functions as subject, object and adjective.
सैर करने आह्ला आई गेआ ऐ /sɛr kərəne àla ai gəa/ ‘The walker has come’. सैर करने आह्ले गी सद्दो /sɛr kərəne àle gi səddo/ ‘Call the walker’ चेह्ड़ा जागत सेर करदा ऐ एह् सब उन्न सनाया ऐ /jə ʹṛa jagət sɛr kərəda ɛ, eʹsəb ū ʹnnə sənaja ɛ/. The boy, who is walker, told all this.
The conjunct participle is formed by adding either ई /-i/ and combining करी /kəri/ with it or adding इयै /-iɛ/ suffix to the root. Conjunct participle functions as adverb. e.g.
मा ञ्याणे गी दिक्खियै कुश होई गेई /ma ɲjaɳe gi dikkhiɛ khūʃ ὸi gei/ ‘Mother became happy on seeing the child’.
The mechanism of formation of present participle has two sets of suffixes viz. -द /-d/ suffix with consonant ending root and -न्द /-nd/ suffix with vowel ending root along with inflectional suffixes. These participles function as noun, adjective and adverbs. When they function as adverb their forms are either direct or oblique or reduplicated e.g. Everybody laughs with the laughing ones.
म्रदा केह् नेई करदा / mərəda ke ʹ neĩ kərəda / ‘What wouldn’t a dying man do’? में उसी रोंदे दिक्खोआ / mẽ ūsi ronde dikkheɛ / ‘I saw him weeping’. दौड़दा जागत रूकी गेआ / dɔṛəda jagət rūki gea / ‘The running boy stopped.
Like present participle the mechanism of formation of this participle also has two sets of suffixes according to the termination of the roots.
1. By adding त् /-t/ suffix to vowel ending roots along with inflectional suffixes e.g. पी > पीता /pita/ “drank”, धो > धोती /tὸti/ “washed”. Sometimes some phonological changes do occur e.g. सो > सुत्ता /sūtta/ “slept”, दित्ती /ditti/ “gave” etc.
2. With consonant ending roots, ए /-e-/ is inserted before the affixation of number, gender, suffixes for masculine and ओ /o/ before the affixation of feminine number, gender sufixes. e.g. चल् > चलेआ /cəlea/ “walked” (masculine) चली /cəli/ “walked” (feminine). These participles also function as noun, adjective and adverbs.
बिगड़े दा कोई जकील नेई करदा | /bigəṛẽ da koi jəkin neĩ kərəda/ Nobody trusts the spoiled.
हर कोई पढ़ेलिखे गी पसंद करदा ऐ| /əʹr koi pə ʹṛelikhe gi pəsəndə kərəda ɛ/ Everybody likes the educated persons.
ओह् लेटे लेटे गेआ| /o ʹ leʈe-leʈe gea/ He went lying.
The main peculiarity of Dogri perfect participle is that its compound form is used more regularly than simple form and is more common. e.g. सुत्ते दा जागत जागी पेआ /sūtte da jagət jagi pea/. ‘The slept boy got up’. This compound participles are formed by combining द् /d/ and suffixes for number and gender are attached to it.
Dogri adverbs are divided into four classes namely : adverb of time, adverb of place, adverb of manner and adverb of quantity. These adverbs are mostly derived from nouns, pronouns and adjectives so these are also classified as nominal adverbs derived from nouns and adjectives and pronominal adverbs. Those are formed from pronominal bases by adding certain affixes.
(a) Adverbs of time : कल्ल /kəllə/ ‘tomorrow/yesterday’, कुसलै /kūsəlɛ/ ‘when’, तदूं /tədũ/ ‘then’, सबेल्ला /səbella/ ‘early’ etc.
(b) Adverbs of place: दूर /dur/ ‘far’, बिच्चा /biccə/ ‘in’ इत्थै /itthɛ/ ‘here’, उत्थै /ūtthɛ/ ‘there’
(c) Adverbs of manner: बल्लें /bəlẽ/ ‘slowly’,जरूर /jə rur/ ‘definitely’, मताबक / mətabək / ‘accordingly’, बेशक / bəʃək / ‘although’ etc.
(d) Adverbs of quantity: कुल्ल /kūllə/ ‘total’, थोह्ड़ा /thoṛa/ ‘less’, घट्ट /kəʹʈʈə/ ‘less’, सता /məta/ ‘éoɛ’ सक्खर / səkkhər / ‘होर’ ὸr (more), बिंद /bind/ ‘little’ etc.
These adverbs are also used in repeated form and compound form like
(i) हूनै-हूनै /uʹnɛ-uʹnɛ/ ‘just now’, /बल्लें-बल्लें /bəllẽ-bəllẽ/ ‘slowly-slowly’ etc. (ii) जदूं-कदें /jədũ-kədẽ/ ‘whenever’, अज्जकल /əjjəkəl/ ‘now-a-days’, कच्छ-कोल /kəcchə-kol/‘nearby’ etc.
Compound adverbs are those, which are formed by adding signs of accusative and genitive cases and with mid fixes.
(i) उत्थुआं /ūtthūã/ ‘from there’, परूं दा /pərũ da/ ‘of last year’, कदूं दा / kədũ-da / ‘since when’, अज्जे दा /əjjɛ da/ ‘of the day’ etc.
(ii) रादोरात /ratorat/ ‘with in night’, अंदरो-अंदरी /əndəro-əndəri/ ‘internally’etc.
Postpositions in Dogri are employed after words, which are used in oblique case to denote case relationships. No postposition is used with nouns or pronouns in direct case. Postpositions are also not employed with Ist and IInd person in genitive case. With the exception genitive दा /da/ all the postpositions used in Dogri are indeclinables. दा declines to agree with the number, gender and case of the preceding nouns. Some of the important postpositions of Dogri are given below: -
खल्ल /khə ʹllə/ ‘below, under’,उप्पर /ūppər/ ‘above’, मझाटै /məjaʹʈɛ/ ‘in between’, राहे /ràẽ/ ‘through’, साथें /sathẽ/ ‘along with’, कन्नै /kənnɛ/ ‘with’, तगर /təgər/ ‘till’, बारै /barɛ/ ‘about’, बिजन /bijən/ ‘without’, खलाफ /khəlaf/ ‘against’etc.
Conjunctions, which are, used most frequently in Dogri are: - connective, adversative, conditional, concessive, conclusive, casual.
In Dogri usually the following connective are used: ते/te/ ‘and’, बी /bi/ ‘also’, जां /jã/ ‘or’, नां / nã/नां/ nã/ ‘neither…. nor’ etc.
पर/pər/ ‘but’, लेकन /lekən/ ‘but’ etc.
जे /je/ जेकर /jəkər/अगर/əgər/ ‘if’ etc.
तां /tã/ ‘then’, भामें /paʹmẽ/ ‘although’ etc.
फ्ही /phĩ/ ‘then’
की जे /ki je/ ‘because’
Interjections are used to express emotions and feelings. The following interjections are mostly used in Dogri:
(a) Affirmation: हां / ã ʹ/ हां जी / ã ʹ ji / ‘yes’, ठीक /ʈhik/ ‘right’, अल्ल /əlla/ ‘well’, सतवचन sətəbəcən ‘true, right’ etc.
(b) Negation: नां / नेई /nã neĩ / ‘no’ etc. ki
(c) Applause: वाह्-वाह् ʋà ʋà/वाह् जी ʋà ji ‘well’ ओ हो o ho ‘o’ etc.
(d) Surprise: अच्छा /əccha/ ‘very good’, सच्चें /səccẽ/ truly’, ओह् कियां /o ʹ ki ã/ (how)
(e) Sorrow & grief: आए / ae ‘alas’/हे परमेसरा / he pərmesəra / ‘O God’ etc.
(f) Vocation: ए e / ओ o / ए जी e ji /ऐं जी ɛ̃ ji (o) etc.
(g) Disgust: लक्ख-लानत / ləkkhə - lanət / दिर फिटे मूंह् / dir phiʈe mũ ʹ/ ‘hell with you’ etc.
In Dogri emphatic forms are used with nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs or postpositions and mostly गै /gɛ / गै ते / gɛ tẽ / ‘only’, ‘itself’, बी / bi / ‘also’, ते / te/ ‘even’etc.
Like any other language, a large number of words in Dogri is formed by using affixes with other words, such as, to form nouns, affixes are added to verbs, adjectives and even to nouns and so on.
In Dogri, feminine nouns are formed by adding /-əni/, /-i/, /-ɛn/, /-ən/, /-eani/ etc. to masculine nouns. It has been discussed under inflectional morphology in detail. Abstract nouns are formed by adding - to common nouns, adjectives etc.
Common noun Abstract noun
नौकर / nɔkər / ‘servant’ > नौकरी / nɔkəri / ‘service’
Adjectives Abstract Nouns खुश /kūʃ/ ‘happy’ खुशी / kūʃi/ ‘happiness’
Pronouns Abstract Nouns
मेरा-तेरा /mera-tera/ ‘mine-yours’ > मेर-तेर /mer-ter/ ‘sense of mine and yours’
/-ai/, /-lai/ etc are main suffixes, which are added to verb roots to form nouns.e.g.
Verbs Abstract Nouns लिख् / likh / ‘ write’ लखाई / ləkhai / ‘writing’
/-eṛən/ is main suffix, added to adverbs for the formation of nouns.
Adverbs Nouns अंदर /əndər/ ‘inside’ अंदरेड़न / əndərəṛən / ‘ritual of taking the bride inside in-laws’ house for the first time after marriage.
Verbs are formed by adding mostly ना /-na/ to noun stems.
Nouns Verbs रंग / rəŋg / ‘colour’ रंगना / rəŋgəna / ‘ to dye’
by adding -एरना /-erəna/ एआना /-eana / etc./
Adjectives Verbs बड्डा / bəɖɖa / ‘elder, big’ बड़ेरना / bəɖerəna / ‘to make grow) बड़ेआना / bəɖeana / ‘ to give respect’
In Dogri, very few verbs are derived from adverbs:
Adverb verb पिच्छें / piɲchẽ/ ‘behind’ पछेड़ना / pəcheṛəna/ ‘ to leave behind’
(a) Adjective from adjectives by adding हेरा /-eʹra / -आ /-a / -एरा /-era /etc.
Adjectives Adjectives इक / ik / ‘one’ केह्रा / ke ʹra / ‘one layered’ दो / do / ‘two’ दूआ / dua / ‘ second, other’ छुट्टा / chūʈʈa / ‘short in length’ छुटेरा / chūʈera / ‘shorter in length’
In Dogri -आ /-a / -ई /-i / -का /-ka / -ईला /-ila / -ऊ /-u / -शाली /-ʃali / etc. are most common suffixes, added to nouns to form adjectives.
Nouns Adjectives
भुक्ख /-pūkkh/ ‘hunger’ भुक्खा /-pūkkha / ‘ hungry’
लालच /-laləc / ‘greed’ लालची /-laləci/ ‘ greedy’
लून /-lun / ‘salt’ लूनका /-lunəka/ ‘ salty’
रंग /rəŋgə/ ‘colour’ रंगीला /rəkgila/ ‘ colourful’
डर /ɖer/ ‘ fair’ डरू /ɖəru/ ‘coward, timid’
शक्ति / ʃəkti/ ‘power, strength etc.’ शक्तिशाली /ʃəktiʃali/ ‘powerful’
दा /-da/ and कड़ा /-kuṛa / are main suffixes which are added to ओह् /ὸ / एह् /e ʹ/ कुन /kū ʹn/ जो /jo / etc.
In Dogri ऊ /-u/ -हारा /-aʹra/ -सार/-sar/ etc. are main suffixes added to verbal stems to form adjectives except participles.
Verb Adjectives कर /kər/ ‘ do’ करू /kəru/ ‘ready to do’ मिलन / milən / ‘meeting’ मिलनसार /milənsar/
In Dogri to form adjective from adverb डा /-ɖa/ and ला /-la/ are main suffixes.
Adverb Adjectives परें /pərẽ/ ‘away’ परेडा /pərəɖa/ ‘of away’ परें /eʹʈh/ ‘below, under etc.’ परेडा /eʹʈhəla/ ‘lower’
(ii) In Dogri there are adjectives and adverbs with mid fixes. In this process, the same word is repeated after using mid fixes. It mostly happens with nouns or adjective and -म /-mə/ -ब /-bə& -स /-s- -प /-p- etc. are prominent mid fixes.
Noun / adjective adjective
खाल्ली /khalli/ ‘empty’ खाल-मखाल्ली /khal-mkhalli/ ‘total empty’
डींग /ɖiŋg/ ‘curve’ डींग-पडींग /ɖiŋg-pəɖiŋga/ ‘curved’
रात /rat/ ‘ night’ रात-बराती /rat -bərati/ ‘during night’
In Dogri usually भर , मात्तर suffixes are added to time and place denoting nouns e.g. रात भर ‘the whole night’, पल भर ‘just a moment’ etc.
Nouns are used as adverbs with some case sign.
Some of the adjectives are used as adverbs e.g. साफ-साफ ‘clearly’ etc. Such adverbs denote qualitatives of verb.
In Dogri usually participles are used as adverbs e.g. खाइयै आई ‘came after cating’, etc. हसदे-हसदे दौड़ेआ ‘ranlaughingly’ etc. These adverbs denote the manner of verbs.
(ii) Adverbs are also formed with mid fixes -ब-, -नां-, -दा-, -ओ- etc. are main mid fixes which are used mostly with first part e.g. रोज बरोज ‘daily’, कुतै नां कुतै ‘somewhere’ etc.
In Dogri usually -ĩ, -ã, -ẽ suffixes are added to time and place denoting nouns e.g. rat, dəpἑr etc.
Nouns Adjectives rat (night) ratĩ Sn (evening) Səʹnã
Nouns are used as adverbs with some case-signs.
Some of the adjectives are used as adverbs e.g. pἑlẽ, thὸṛa etc. Such adverbs denote qualitative of verb.
In Dogri usually participles are used as adverbs e.g. cələde, lIkhijɛ etc. These adverbs denote the manner of verbs.
(ii) Adverbs are also formed with mid fixes -o, -na, -bə, etc. are main mid fixes which are used mostly with first part e.g. rato – rat, kədẽ - na - kədẽ, din - bə - din etc.
Dogri adverbs are divided into four classes – adverb of time, adverb of place, adverb of manner and adverb of quantity. These adverbs are mostly derived from nouns, pronouns and adjectives so these are also classified as nominal adverbs derived from nouns and adjectives and pronominal adverbs. Those are formed from pronominal bases by adding certain affixes.
kllə (tomorrow/yesterday), Kusəlɛ (when), tədũ (then), Səbella (early) etc.
dur (far), biccə (in), Itthɛ (here), Utthɛ (there), Kʌʃ(near), Samənɛ (in front) etc.
In Dogri vocabulary compound words also have their fair share, which contain two or more free forms among their constituents. The combining is mainly affected by dropping the postpositions, conjunctions, case signs or other words, which express the relation between the constituents of a compound word. The combining of words is governed by certain rules. So compounds can be divided into four main classes: -
1. Coordinative 2. Determinative 3. Adverbial 4. Possessive
In such formation the words are connected without using connecting particle ते /te/ ‘and’ or जां /jã/ ‘or’ e.g. सूहा-पीला /su ʹa-pila/ ‘red-yellow’, खल्ल-उप्पर /khə ʹllə-ūppər/ ‘below-above’.
In such compounds the case signs are dropped and the first constituent qualifies the second constituent e.g. देशभगती /deʃəpəʹgəti/ ‘patriotism’, डाकखाना /ɖakəkhana/ ‘postoffice’.
In this category of Dogri compounds, the components can be either noun or adjective or adverb and not compulsory that first component should be indeclinable but this compound is always an adverb such as पल-पल /pəl-pəl/ ‘every moment’, अपने आप /əpəne/ap/ ‘itself’, साफ-साफ /saph-saph/ ‘clear’ etc.
Such compounds are generally adjectives. In such compounds either of the components qualifies the other.e.g. दोछत्ता /dochətta/ ‘double- storey’, आदमखोर /adəməhor/ ‘maneater’ etc.
Like other modern Indo-Aryan languages, in Dogri the sentences are classified as simple, compound and complex on the basis of syntactic constructions. Structurally these sentences are categorized as full or major sentences -तूं हुन जा / tũ ùn ja/ “you may go now” and minor sentences -जा / “go”. Normally the basic word-order of a simple sentence is SOV –राम शाम गी मारदा ऐ /ram sam gi marəda ə./ ‘Ram beats Sham.’ But it can be changed to express the attitudinal variations e.g. शाम गी राम मारदा ऐ /ʃam,gi marəda ə./ ‘To Sham, Ram beats.’ (a question with annoyance) शान गी मारदा ऐ, राम /ʃam gi marəda ə ram/ ‘Sham beats to Ram.’ (a question with authoritarian attitude). The other types of sentences are compound and complex. Compound sentences are combination of two or more independent sentences or clauses and complex sentences are combination of two or more clauses where in one is main and others are dependent. In Dogri also two methods are used in ‘reporting’-- Direct reporting and Indirect reporting.
When the speakers speak in their own words, this is called direct speech and when the speakers speak others’ words or use the form of clauses then it is called indirect speech. And in Dogri to join the reported verb and reported speech in Indirect speech जे /jɛ/ ‘that’, की जे / ki jɛ /‘because’ and इसलेई /īsəlei / ‘so’ particles are used. Present tense changes into past, future becomes secondary future, pronouns and possessive adjectives- all become third person
Semantically the favourite types of simple sentences are affirmative, imperative, interrogative, negative etc.
1. Affirmatives are simply the statements without question, negation, order, wish or command and the basic word order (SOV) is followed e.g. ओह् डोगरी अखबार पढ़दा ऐ / oʹ ɖogəri əkhəbar pəʹṛəda ə./ ‘ He reads Dogri Newspaper.’
2. To express request, order, suggestion, command etc. the imperative sentences are used. In such type of sentences, the imperative form of verb is used and subject is mostly deleted. e.g.
( तूं ) ठंडा पानी पी / (tũ)ʈhəɳɖa pani pi./ ‘ (you) Drink cool water.’
3. Interrogative: In such sentences questions are asked. Questions are of two types (i) those can be answered with आहो /aho/ हां /ã / हां जी / ã ji /‘yes’ or नहो /nəho /नेई / neĩ / नेई जी /neĩ ji /‘no’ and (ii) by using interrogative pronouns, adjectives and adverbs. आहो /aho/ हां /ã/ हां जी / ã ji /‘ Yes’ or नहो /nəho/ नेई / neĩ नेई जी /neĩ ji ‘no’ type questions are formed in two ways (i) by using secondary phonemes of rising intonation e.g. उन्न रूट्टी खाद्धी / ūnnə ruʈʈi khaʹdi ? / ‘He took food’ and (ii) by using interrogative particle in the beginning or at the end of the sentence with same basic word order e.g. क्या उन्न रूट्टी खाद्धी
4. ūnnə ruʈʈi khaʹdi ? / ‘Did he eat food?’ As mentioned above, the other type of interrogative sentences are formed by using interrogative particles and these particles are placed according to their functions either before the verb or subject or object and get inflected accordingly. All these interrogative particles start with क् e.g. क्या /केह् /kjaor
keʹ/ ‘what’,कुन / kūʹn / ‘who’, कदूं /kədū / (when), कुत्थै /kūʹtthẽ / ‘where’, केह्ड़ा /keʹṛa / ‘which’, की / ki / ‘why’ and कियां /kīʹã / ‘how’. For example
तुस केह् करा दे ओ / tūs keʹ kəra de o./ ‘What are you doing?’ तुस कुन ओ /tūs kūʹn o?/ ‘Who are you?’ तुस कदूं औगे /tūs kədũ ɔge ?/ ‘When will you come?’ तुस कुत्थै जा करदे ओ /tūs kūʹtthɛ jade o ?/ ‘Where are you going?’ केह्ड़ा जागत जा करदा ऐ / keʹṛa jagət ja kərəda ɛ?/ ‘Which boy is going?’ तुस की जा करदे ओ /tūs ki ja kərəe o?/ ‘Why are you going?’ तुस कीयां जा करदे ओ /tūs kīʹã ja kərəe o?/ ‘How are you going?’
Negative sentences are formed by using negative particles -नेई / नीं /neĩ or nĩ / ‘ not’ , मत / mət / ‘ do not’ prohibitive particle. It usually comes before the verb and in present and past tenses tense marker is omitted in negative construction e.g.
जागत रूट्टी नेई खंदा ( ऐ )/ /jagət rūʈʈi neĩ khənda (ə)./ ‘The boy does not eat food.’ उत्थै मत जा /ūtthɛ mət ja./ ‘Do not go there.’
In Dogri the essential elements of a sentence are two-subject and predicate and copula may be added. The basic word- order is SOV but it can be changed according to the varied attitudinal expressions. As far copular sentence is concerned, it starts with subject and terminates with copula ऐ / हा / ə or a / ‘is/ was’ etc. with complement medially. e.g.
कुड़ी शैल ऐ / kūṛi ʃɛl ɛ./ ‘The girl is beautiful.’
The structure of simple sentence is constituted with phrasal units.
According to their ‘head’ phrases are classified as noun phrase, pronoun phrase, adjective phrase, verb phrase and adverb phrase.
In noun phrase, there can be a single noun or preceded by qualifiers or quantifiers e.g. भागला जागत /bhagəla jagat/ ‘ fortunate boy’, मते जागत /matə jagat/ ‘ many boys’ etc.
In pronoun phrase, a pronoun occurs as ‘head’ and modified by the qualifiers (one or more) or quantifiers भागला तूं /bhagəla tũ/ ‘ fortunate you’, त्रै तुस / trɛ tūs / ‘three you’ etc.
In such phrase an adjective occupies the ‘head’ position e.g. भागला बड्डा /bhagəla bəɖɖa / ‘fortunate elder’etc.
The constituents of verb phrase can be either simple finite or with copula verb or compound or conjunct verb and can be preceded by adverb or adverb phrase e.g. नच्चा दी ऐ /nəccha dĩ/ ‘is dancing’, बल्लें नच्चा दी ऐ /bəllə nəccha dĩ/ ‘ is dancing slowly.’ etc.
A simple adverbial phrase contains an adverb जोरें loudly or reduplicated adverb जोरें जोरें /jorẽ jore/ loudly- loudly or head adverb is preceded by more adverbs by combining nouns दिन भर for the whole day or adjectives even शैल जोरें जोरें too loudly or by combining nouns with postposition जोरै कनै with force.
The constituent slot of other types of sentences ( compound and complex ) is clause unit.
Compound sentences are combination of two or more independent sentences or clauses, which are joined by coordinating conjunctions. In Dogri the main coordinating conjunctions are additive (ते and गै नेई not only-----बी also गै नेई not only---- सगुआं also ते फ्ही and then etc.), alternative (tka क्त जां जां either...or] tka जां फ्ही or भामें etc.) , contrastive(c पर but ), resultative ( इस अस्तै, इस लेई, इस करियै so , therefore, hence) etc.For examples:
सूरज चढ़ेआ ते पक्खरू बोल्ले (additive) The sun rose and the birds chirped. जां सूरज नेई चढ़ेआ जां पक्खरू नेई बोल्ले (alternative) Either the sun did not rise or the birds did not chirp. सूरज चढ़ेआ पर पक्खरू नेई बोल्ले (contrastive) The sun rose but the birds did not chirp. सूरज चढ़ेआ इस लेई पक्खरू बोल्ले (resultative) The sun rose so the birds chirped.
The Complex sentences are also the combination of two or more clauses but in such sentences one clause is head or principal and the other or others are dependent or subordinate. The dependent or subordinate clauses are of three types-noun clause, adjective clause and adverbial clause. As clause classification is according to the part of speech of which they are equivalents and when the clause is noun equivalent then it is Noun clause. In indirect speech Noun clause is introduced with जे ‘that’, की जे because, इस लेई so etc. e.g. उन सनाया हा जे ओह् बमार हा / He had told that he was ill.
Adjective clauses are introduced with relative pronouns जो or जेह्ड़ा ‘ which, who’ and their co-relatives उए or उसी and their oblique forms mlh occupy the place in principal clause e.g.
ओह् लोक बेही जाह्न जेह्ड़े साढ़े कन्नै सैहमत न Those people may sit down who agree with us.
Adverb clause is introduced with single or reduplicated adverb जदूं (when) जदूं-जदूं (whenever) (time, place, direction etc.) and the co-relative तदूं ‘then’ तदूं-तदूं ‘ then’ gets position in the principal clause. E.g.
जदूं बरखा बरदी ऐ तदूं हाड़ औंदा ऐ When it rains then flood comes.
Co-ordination is a very common process which combines words, phrases, clauses, sentences etc. and the conjunctives are used as co-coordinating particles. In Dogri the main coordinating conjunctions are additive (ते and गै नेई not only-----बी also] गै नेई not only---- सगुआं also ते फ्ही and then etc.), alternative (जां or जां - जां either...or जां फ्ही or भामें or etc), contrastive(c पर but), resultative (इस अस्तै, इस लेई, इस करियै so , therefore, hence) etc.
In Dogri there are two main negative particles निं / नेई ‘not’ which occur in free variation where as for prohibition मत particle is used. Negative particle occupies position before the verb in the both finite and non-finite structures.
ओह् निं / नेई औंदा He does not come. वक्त उप्पर निं / नेईऔने करी मिगी बस निं / नेई थ्होई I missed the bus because I have not come on time तू मत औंदा You do not come.
Anaphora is defined as subsequent reference to an already introduced entity. It is mostly used in text to maintain the reference. That entity is called antecedent. In Dogri ओह् ‘he/she/it’ उसी ‘him/her’ and आपूं ‘himself/herself/itself’ are used as second and any subsequent referring expression e.g.
अशोक ने मिगी सनाया हा जे उन्न जाना ऐ Ashok told me that (he/himself, she/herself) has to go.
In this sentence the entities identified by उन्न (he/himself, she/herself) are antecedent referring either Ashok or some other member (he/she) in the context.
In Dogri reflexive pronoun is only one आपूं, which is used for all the three persons viz.
में आपूं गेआ (I went myself) अस आपूं गे (we sent ourselves) तूं आपूं गेआ (you went yourself) etc.
Reciprocal pronoun is compound indefinite pronoun, which indicates some mutual relationship between two or more persons and things. In Dogri only one structure इक दुए, ‘ each other/one another’ functions as reciprocal pronoun followed by case markers viz.
अशोक ते विशाल इक दुए दा ख्याल ररखे न Ashok and Vishal take care of each other. अस सारे इक दुए दा ख्याल ररखे आं We all take care of one another.
In Dogri, the adjective is preceded by the कशा शा कोला थमां etc ‘than’ particle to indicate the comparison either between two or among three or more or all e.g.
राधा शास शा शैल ऐ
Radha is more beautiful than Sham.
राधा सभनें शा शैल ऐ
Radha is most beautiful.
When there is no verb of action in the predicate and sentence terminates with copula then Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, perfect participles and adverbs are part of speech function as equatives e.g.
राम जागत ऐ Ram is a boy . जागत विद्यार्थी ऐ The boy is a student. जागत मेरा ऐ The boy is mine. जागत बड्डा ऐ The boy is elder. जागत पढ़ालिखा ऐ The boy is educated जागत अंदर ऐ The boy is inside.
In Dogri है ‘has/have’ is the verb of possession as well as of existence, which is followed by tense marker, modified according to the number and gender of the subject and subject occurs in genitive case followed by कोल or कच्छ postposition. Mostly the genitive case marker दे are dropped. E.g.
शाम ( दे ) कोल इक रपेआ है। Sham has one rupee. जंगलै च इक शेर है हा। There was a lion in the forest.
To express the emphasis either the same word is reduplicated बल्ले-बल्ले ‘slowly- slowly’ or some other word is attached to the word which is to be emphasized. There are a number of words, which are attached to a particular word in the sentence to denote the emphasis. In Dogri the main emphasizers- गै ‘only’, बी also, गै ----बी also, तगर ‘even’ ते ‘at least’etc are placed after the word which they emphasize except one छड़ा ‘only’ which is placed either before or after the word which it emphasizes e.g.
छड़ा में गेआ Only I went . में गेआ छड़ा Only I went.
In Dogri no topic marker is attached with the topic and as for other particles are concerned
जियां / जियां के ‘as/as if’ जियां आखो / अश्कें ‘it seems’ अहें ‘as it is said’ मखां ‘i said’ etc. are some prominent particles used mostly in the beginning of the clause e.g.
जियां के तुगी पता नेई ऐ। As you do not know. जियां आखो तुगी पता नेई ऐ। As if you do not know. अश्कें ओह् परी ऐ It seems, she is a fairy. अहें अपना-अपना गैर-गैर As it is said, blood is thicker than water. मखां कुद्धर जा दे ओ I said, where are you going?
A sentence, which does not consist of major or full sentence form, is a minor sentence. In general the minor sentences seem either completive or exclamatory or aphoristic. The completive merely either supplements a situation, an earlier speech, a gesture etc. or answers a question हां / हां जी ‘yes’ or नेई / नेई जी ‘no’ are prominent completive interjections.
Exclamatory minor sentences are used to express a sudden emotion or feeling which consist of only Exclamatory particles e.g. शाबाश well done, दिर थुआढ़ी hell with you.
Aphoristic type sentences are also minor sentences, which are used as complete sentences to express or in support to complete the earlier speech.e.g.
जिन्ना लम्मा उन्ना नकम्मा। More taller, more useless. चुपड़ी दियां कन्नै दो-दो। More you have, more you want etc.
| मा / मौरी | éé /ma / mɔri/ | Mother |
| बब्ब / प्यो | /bəbbə/ /pjo/ | Father |
| भ्रा | /praʹ/ | Brother |
| भैन | /pἑn/ | Sister |
| दादा | /dada/ | Grand father |
| दादी | /dadi/ | Grand Mother |
| चाचा | /caca/ | Uncle (Father’s younger Brother) |
| तातो / ताऊ | /tato/ /tau/ | Uncle(father’s elder brother) |
| चाची | /caci/ | Aunt ( Father’s younger Brother’s wife) |
| ताई | /tai/ | Aunt (Father’s elder Brother’s wife) |
| बुआ / फुफ्फेआ | /būa/ /phūphphea/ | Aunt (Father’s Sister) |
| फुफ्फड़ / फुफैआ | /phūphphəṛ/ /phūphɛa/ | Uncle (Husband of father’s sister) |
| नाना | /nana/ | Maternal Grand Father |
| नानी | /nani/ | Maternal Grand Mother |
| मामा | /mama/ | Maternal Uncle ( mother’s brother) |
| मामी | /mami/ | Aunt ( Mother’s Brother’s Wife) |
| मासड़ / मसैआ | /masəṛ/ | Uncle (Mother’s Sister’s Husband) |
| मासी | /masi/ | Aunt (mother’s sisters) |
| सौह्रा | Father-in-law (Husband’s Father/ Wife’s Father) | |
| सस्स | /səssə/ | Mother-in-law (Husband’s Mother/ Wife’s Mother) |
| जेठ | /jəʈh/ | Brother -in -law. (Husband’s elder Brother) |
| जठानी | /jəʈhani/ | Sister- in-law. (Husband’s elder Brother’s wife) |
| देर | /der/ | Brother- in- law. (Husband’s younger Brother) |
| दरानी | /derani/ | Sister- in- law. (Husband’s younger brother’s wife) |
| ननान / ननद | /nənən/ /nənəd/ | sister- in- law (Husband’s sister) |
| ननोइया / ननदोई | /nənoia/ /nənədoi/ | Husband’s sister’s husband. |
| साला | /sala/ | Brother- in- law. (Wife’s Brother) |
| सालेहार | /saleàr/ | Sister- in- law (Wife’s Brother’s wife) |
| साली | /sali/ | Sister- in -law (Wife’s sister) |
| साढू | /sàɖu/ | Brother-in- law (Wife’s sister’s Husband) |
| पुत्तर | /pūttər/ | Son |
| नूंह् | /nũ ʹ/ | Daughter- in- law |
| धी | /tì/ | Daughter |
| जोआई | /joai/ | Son- in- law. |
| जठूतर / जठीआ | /jəʈhūttər/ /jəʈhia/ | Nephew (Husband’s elder brother’s son) |
| जठूतरी / जठीऽ | /jəʈhūttəri/ /jəʈhi/ | Niece (Husband’s elder brother’s daughter) |
| दरूतर | /dərūttər/ | Nephew (Husband’s younger brother’s son) |
| दरूतरी / दरीऽ | /dərūttəri/ /dəri:/ | Niece (Husband’s younger brother’s daughter) |
| पोत्तरा | /pottəra/ | Grand Son(Son’s son) |
| पोत्तरी | /pottəri/ | Grand Daughter(Son’s daughter) |
| पड़ोतरा | /pəɖotəra/ | Great Grand Son (Grand Son’s son) |
| पड़ोतरी | /pəɖotəri/ | Great Grand Daughter (Grand son’s daughter) |
| दोह्तरा | /do ʹtəra/ | Grand son( daughter’s son) |
| दोह्तरी | /do ʹtəri/ | Grand daughter( daugther’s daughter) |
| भनेआ | /pəʹnea/ | Nephew (Sister’s Son) |
| भनेई | /pəʹnei/ | Niece (Sister’s daughter) |
| तयेरा / तैह्रा | /təjera/ /tɛ ʹra/ | Cousin(male) (Father’s elder Brother’s son) |
| तयेरी | /təjeri/ | Cousin(Female) Father’s elder brother’s daughter) |
| चचोरा | /cəcera/ | cousin(Male) Father’s younger brother’s son) |
| चचोरी | /cəceri/ | Cousin (Female) Father’s younger brother’s) |
| ममेरा | /məmera/ | Cousin(Male) Mother’s brother’s son, |
| ममेरी | /məmeri/ | Cousin(Female) (Mother’s brother’s daughter) |
| मसेरा | /məsera/ | Cousin(Male) (Mother’s sister’s son) |
| मसेरी | /məsəri/ | Cousin(Female) (Mother’s sister’s daughter) |
| फफेरा | /phəphera/ | cousin(Male) (Father’s sister’s son) |
| फफेरी | /phəpheri/ | cousin(Female) (Father’s sister’s daughter) |
| तैह्रा | /tɛ ʹra/ | Uncle- in- law ( Father-in-law’s elder brother) |
| तैतस / तैह्स | /tɛtəs/ /tɛ ʹs/ | Aunt- in- law (Father- in- law’s elder brother’s wife) |
| पतरौह्रा | /pətərɔ ʹra/ | Uncle- in –law ( Father -in -law’s younger brother) |
| पितरस | /pitərəs/ | Aunt-in- law( Father-in-laws younger brother’s wife) |
| फफेस | /phəphes/ | Aunt- in- law( father- in- law’s sister) |
| फफेसड़ा | /phəphesəṛa/ | Uncle- in- law (Father-in-law’s sister’s husband) |
| माह्लरा | /màləra | Maternal Uncle- in- law( mother- in- law’s brother/ husband’s maternal uncle) |
| ममेस / ममेआस | /məmes/ /məmeas/ | Maternal aunt- in –law( Maternal uncle- in- law’s wife) |
| मसेस | /məses/ | Aunt- in- law ( mother-in-law’s sister) |
| मसेसड़ा | /məsesṛa/ | uncle –in- law (Mother- in -law’s sister’ husband) |
| ददेसड़ा | /dədesəṛa/ | Great Grand Father- in-law (father-in-law’s father) |
| ददेस | /dədes/ | Great Grand Mother-in-law (father-in-law’s mother) |
| कुड़मनी / ब्याह्न | /kūṛməni/ /bjàn/ | Son’s /daughter’s Mother- in- law |
| कुड़म / ब्याही | /kūṛəm/ /bjài/ | Son’s/ daughter’s Father- in -Law |
| खसम / मर्हाज /धरैआह्ला /मदेई | /kəsəm/ /məràj/kəʹreàla /mədei | Husband |
| त्रीमत / लाड़ी /धरैआह्ली | /trimət/ laṛi / kəʹrʹeàli | Wife |
| काला | kala | Black |
| चिट्टा / सफेद | ciʈʈa / səfed | White |
| नीला | nila | Blue |
| हरा | àra | Green |
| लाल | lal | Red |
| पीला | pila | Yellow From Turmeric |
| निम्बुआ | nimbūa | Yellow from lemon |
| सनैह्री | sənɛ ʹri | Golden Yellow from Gold |
| अम्बुआ | əmbūa | Mango Yellow from Mango fruit |
| संगतरी | səŋgətəri | Orange from Orange fruit |
| केसरी | kesəri | Saffron from Saffron |
| सामानी | səmani | Sky Blue |
| बैंगनी | bɛŋgəni | Purple from Brinjal |
| मटेआला | məʈeala | Brown from Ground nut |
| गलाबी | gəlabi | Pink from rose |
| सिर | sir | Head |
| मत्था | məʈʈha | Fore Head |
| भरमट्टे | pəʹrəməʈʈa | Eye brow |
| अक्ख | əkkhə | Eye |
| कुआंस | kūãs | Eye lid |
| नक्क | nəkkə | Nose |
| मूंह् | mũ ʹ | Mouth |
| कन्न | kənnə | Ear |
| दंद | dəndə | Teeth |
| ओठ | oʈh | Lips |
| जीह्ब | ji ʹb | Tongue |
| गल / कैण्ठ | gəl / kɛɳʈhə | Throat |
| गल्ला | gə ʹllə | Cheek |
मूंढा| mũ ʹɖa | Shoulder | |
| छाती | chati | Chest/Breast |
| ढिड्ड | tìɖɖə | Belly |
| पिट्ठ | piʈʈhə | Back |
| कालजा | kaləja | Liver |
| रत्त | rəttə | Blood |
| चम्म / खल्ल | cəmmə/ khəllə | Skin |
| हत्थ | hətthə | Hand |
| बांह् | bã ʹ | Arm |
| मांस | mas | Flesh |
| औंगल | ɔ̃gəl | Finger |
| ङूठा | ŋuʈha | Thumb |
| जंङ | jə ʹŋ | Leg |
| पट्ट | pəʈʈə | Thigh |
| तली | təli | Palm |
| तुड्डी | thūɖɖi | Chin |
| आरक | arək | Arc |
| डुंडु / बीनी | ɖūɳɖu / bini | Wrist |
| नैंह् | nɛ̃ ʹ | Nail |
| गिट्टा | giʈʈa | Ankle |
| गोडा | goɖa | Knee |
| पैर | pɛr | Foot |
| अड्डी | əɖɖi | Heal |
| खोपड़ी | khopəṛi | Skull |
| हड्डी | ə ʹɖɖi | Bone |
| सरीर / देह् / काया | sərir /de ʹ / kaja | Body |
| कच्छ | kəcchə | Arm pit |
| नास | nas | Nostril |
| पुरपड़ी | pūrəpəṛi | Temple |
| लक्क | ləkkə | Waist |
| मुंड़ी | mūɳɖi | Neck |
| धुन्नी | tūʹnni | Navel |
| पसली | pəsəli | Rib |
| दमाग | dəmak | Brain |
| आंदरां | andrã | Intestines |
| फिफ़फरा | phiphphəra | Lung |
| मुच्छ | mūcchə | Moustache |
| मुट्ठ | mūʈʈhə | Fist |
| भाछू / मसूड़ा | paʹchu /məsuṛa | Gum |
| ढारा | ʈaʹra | Bum |
| बरार / हल्दी | bəsar/ əʹldi | Turmeric |
| मर्च | mərcə | Chilly |
| जीरा | jira | Cumin |
| घनिया | təʹbua | Coriander |
| सरेआं | səreã | Mustard |
| सौंफ | sɔ̃f | Fenugreek |
| दासचीनी | daləcini | Cinnamon |
| लाची | laci | Cardamoms |
| लौंग | lɔŋgə | Clove |
| तेचपत्तर | tejəoəttər | Bay leaf |
| मगां | məgã | Nutmeg |
| जवैन | jəʋɛn | Caraway seeds |
| सोए | soe | Fenugreek seeds |
| कालाजीरा | kalajira | Black cumin |
| काली मर्च | kali mərcə | Black pepper |
| अम्बचूर | əmbəcur | Mango powder |
| सुंढ | sū ʹɳɖə | Ginger powder |
| लून | lun | Salt |
| सौंचल लून | sɔɲcəl lun | Black salt |
| चौल | cɔl | Rice |
| आटा | aʈa | flour |
| दाल | dak | Pulse |
| खंड | khəɳɖə | Sugar |
| मूंगी | muŋgi | Green gram |
| मसर | məsər | Red lentils |
| काले चने | kale cəne | Black Gram |
| चिट्टे चने | ciʈʈe cəne | White gram |
| राजमाँह् | rajəmã ʹ | Rajmash |
| माह् | mã ʹ | Mash |
| गुड़ | Jaggery | |
| देहीं | deĩ | Curd |
| दुद्ध | dūddə | Milk |
| ध्यो | kjὸ | Ghee |
| मक्खन | məkkhən | Butter |
| तेल | tel | Oil |
| मुंगफली | mūŋgəphəli | Ground nut |
| काजू | kaju | Cashew nut |
| बदाम | bədam | Almond |
| सौंगी | sɔŋgi | Raisin |
| छुहारे | chūàre | Palm |
| गिरी | giri | Coconut |
| पनीर / चामन | pənir /camən | cheese |
| मास | mas | Meat |
| मच्छी | məcchi | Fish |
| लस्सी / छाह् | ləssi/ chà | Lassi |
| मक्क | məkkə | Maize |
| बाचरा | bajəra | Millet |
| जौ | jɔ | Barley |
| कनक | kənək | Wheat |
| तिल | til | Oil seed |
| रौंगी | rɔŋgi | ragi |
| सङार / सोमबार | səŋgar/soməbar | Monday |
| मंगलबार / मंदाबार | /məŋgələbar/məndabar | Tuesday |
| बुधबार | bū ʹdəbar | Wednesday |
| बीरबार | birəbar | Thursday |
| शुक्करबार | ʃūkkərəbar | Friday |
| 'शरिबार/श्नीचरबार | ʃənibar/ʃnicərbar | Saturday |
| तार / ऐतबार | tar / etəbar | Sunday |
| इक | ik | One |
| दौं | dɔ̃ | Two |
| त्रै | trɛ | Three |
| चार | car | Four |
| पंज | pəj | Five |
| छे | che | Six |
| सत्त | səttə | Seven |
| अट्ठ | əʈʈhə | Eight |
| नौ | nɔ | Nine |
| दस | dəs | Ten |
| बीह् कोड़ी | bi ʹ | Twenty |
| त्रीह् | tri ʹ | Thirty |
| चाली | cali | Forty |
| पंजाह् | pəɲjà | Fifty |
| सट्ठ | səʹʈʈhə | Sixty |
| स्हत्तर | səʹʈʈer | Seventy |
| अस्सी | əssi | Eighty |
| नब्बे | nəbbe | Ninety |
| सौ / सैंकड़ा | sɔ/sɛkəṛa | Hundred |
| ज्हार | jaʹr | Thousand |
| दस ज्हार | dəs jaʹr | Ten thousand |
| लक्ख | ləkkhə | Lac |
| दस लक्ख | dəs ləkkhə | Ten Lac |
| करोड़ | kəroṛ | Hundred Lac |
| सूरज | surəj | Sun |
| चन्न / चंढ्रमा | cənnə/cəndrəma | moon |
| तारे | tare | Stars |
| घ्रुव तारा | trū ʹʋ tara | Pole star |
| पुत्तर | pūttər | Son |
| घी | tì | Daughter |
| त्रीमत / लाड़ी | trimət/ laṛi | Women / lady/Wife |
| खसम मर्हाज | khəsəm / məraʹj | Husband |
| प्हाड़ | paʹṛ | Mountain |
| दरेआ | dərea | River |
| नैह्र / कूल | nɛ ʹr/kul | Canal |
| चश्मा | cəʃma | Spring |
| बदल | bədəl | Cloud |
| बरखा | bərəkha | Rain |
| छां | chã | Shadow |
| छुप्प | tūʹppə | Sun light |
| ब्हा | baʹ | Wind |
| बिजली चमकना | bijəli cəməkəna | Lightening |
| बदल गर्जना | bədəl gərəjəna | Thunder |
| रूक्ख | rūkkhə | Tree |
| बूह्टा | bu ʹʈa | Plants |
| घा | kaʹ | Grass |
| झूड | cuʹṛ | Bush |
| झाड़ी | caʹṛi | Shrub |
| सरूट | səruʈ | Thatch Grass |
| काई | kai | Reed |
| एरा | era | Cash tail |
| पट्ठा | pəʈʈha | Indian Read mace |
| खब्बल | khəbbəl | Barmuada grass |
| अम्ब | əmbə | Mango |
| अमरूद | əmərud | Guava |
| सेअऊ | seəu | Apple |
| केला | kela | Banana |
| ङूर / दाख | ŋur/dakh | Grapes |
| नार | nar | Pomegranate |
| नाख | nakh | Pear |
| बट्टा नाख | bəʈʈa nakh | Hard pear |
| बेई | bei | Quinces |
| बैर | bɛr | Berry |
| बग्गूगोशा | bəggugoʃa | Soft pear |
| गरने | gə ʹrəne | Karunda |
| ककोहा | kəkoà | Medagaskar Plum |
| फगोआड़ा | phəgoaṛa | |
| आडू | aṛu | Peach |
| लकाठ | ləkaʈh | Japanese Plum |
| दडूनी | dəṛuni | Wild pomegranate |
| बटैंक | bəʈɛŋkə | |
| खोड़ | khoṛ | Walnut |
| बदाम | bədam | Almond |
| घोड़ा | kὸṛa | Horse |
| हरन | əʹrəɳ | Deer |
| गौ | gɔ | Cow |
| मैंह् | mɛ̃ ʹ | Buffalo |
| खच्चर | khəccər | Mule |
| बकरी | bəkəri | Goat |
| बिड्डू | pìɖɖu | Ram |
| रिच्छ | ricchə | Bear |
| चित्तरा | cittəra | Tiger |
| कुत्ता | kūtta | Dog |
| बिल्ली | billi | Cat |
| पिज्जड़ | pijjəṛ | |
| पाड़ा | paṛa | |
| सूर | sur | Pig |
| कुक्कड़ | kūkkəṛ | Cock |
| खोत्ता | khota | Ass |
| तोता | tota | Parrot |
| कां | kã | Crow |
| चिड़ी | ciṛi | Sparrow |
| घुग्गी | kū ʹggi | Dove |
| गटारी | gəʈari | |
| कबूतर | kəbutər | Pigeon |
| मरगाई / जलकुकड़ी | mərəgai/ jələkukəṛi | Water dove |
| चकोर | cəkor | |
| इल्ल | illə | Kite |
| लूंद्धी | lu ʹnddì | Vulture |
| खड़क | khəṛək | |
| चामचड़िक | caməcəṛik | Bat |
| उल्लू | ūllu | Owl |
| कोयल | kojəl | Cuckoo |
| पजामा / तम्बी | pəjama/təmbi | Trouser |
| कुर्ता / कमीज | kūrta/kəmij | Shirt |
| घटन्ना | kə ʹʈənna | Tight trouser |
| तैह्मत | tɛ ʹmət | Long cloth sheet for men to tie from the waste. |
| धोती | tὸti | White long cloth for men to tie from waste /women’s cotton sari |
| साफा / पग्ग | safa/pəggə | Turban |
| टोपु / टोपी | ʈopū/ʈopi | Cap |
| अचकन | əcəkən | Round neck long coat |
| बास्कट | baskəʈ | Waist coat |
| कोट | koʈ | Coat |
| पट्टू | pəʈʈu | Desi blanket |
| गिद्दी | giddi | A long sheet cloth for women to tie from one shoulder to cover whole body. |
| सलवार | sələʋar | Salwar |
| सुत्थन | sūtthən | Tight trouser for women |
| साड़ी | saṛi | Sari |
| धग्गरा | kəʹggra | Loose and long skirt |
| चोलड़ी / झग्गी | coləṛi/cəʹggi | Top |
| दबट्टा | dəbəʈʈa | Dupatta |
| फ्राक | frak | Frock |
| पेटीकोट | peʈikoʈ | Petticoat |
| घटन्ना | kəʹʈənna | Tight trouser |
| बनैन | bənɛn | Undershirt |
| कच्छा | kəccha | Underpants |
| बूट | buʈ | Shoes |
| दस्ताने | dəstane | Gloves |
| चादर | cadər | Cloth- sheet |
| में | mẽ | I (1st person singular) (M/F) |
| अस | əs | We ( 1st person plural (M/F) |
| तूं | tũ | You (2nd person singular) (M/F) |
| तुस | tūs | You (2 nd person plural) (M/F) |
| ओह् | o ʹ | He( 3rd person singular) (M/F) (Demonstrative) |
| एह् | e ʹ | Those/These ( 3rd person Singular/plural )(M/F) Demonstrative |
| कुन | kū ʹn | Who |
| केह् | ke ʹ | What |
| कोह् | koi | Someone/ something |
| जो | jo | Who |
| सो | so | Who |
| आपूं | apũ | Oneself (self demonstrative) |
| औना | ɔna | To Come |
| करना | kərəna | To do |
| आखना / गलाना | akhəna/gəlana | To say |
| खाना | khana | To Eat |
| टुराना / चलना | ʈūrəna | To walk |
| जाना | jana | To go |
| बलगना | bələgəna | To wait |
| तरना | tərəna | To swim |
| हस्सना / मुस्काना | əʹssəna/mūskana | To Laugh/ To smile |
| बड्ढना | bə ʹɖɖəna | To Bite / To cut |
| उड्डना | ūɖɖəna | To Fly |
| बेचना | becəna | To Sell |
| दिक्खना | dikkhəna | To See |
| लिखना | likhəna | To Write |
| देना | dena | To Give |
| लैना | lɛna | To Take |
| बोलना / कूना | boləna | To Speak |
| जानना | janəna | To Know |
| समझना | səməjə ʹna | To Understand |
| खड़ोना | khəṛona | To Stand |
| बेल्ला | bella | Time |
| कुक्कड़बांग / सरगीबेल्ला | kūkkəṛəbaŋga/sərəgibella | Twilight |
| बडला / सबेर / चढदा बेल्ला / भ्याग | bəɖəla/səber/cəṛə ʹda bella/ pjàg | Morning / Dawn |
| दपैह्र | dəpɛ ʹr | Noon |
| सञं / तरकालां / ढलदा बेल्ला | səʹɲ/ tərəkalã / ʈəʹləda bella | Evening/ Dust |
| झुसमासा / प्रभात | cūʹsmūsa/prəbàt | Dawn/Morning |
| मुट्टा | mūʈʈa | Fat |
| पतला | pətəla | Thin |
| तंग / सौड़ा | təŋgə/sɔṛa | Narrow |
| लम्मा | ləmma | Tall, long |
| निक्का / लौह्का | nikka/lɔ ʹka | Small |
| सिद्धा | si ʹdda | Straight |
| त्रैह्डा | tre ʹɖa | Curved/oblique |
| छुट्टा | chūʈʈa | Short |
| बड्डा | bəɖɖa | Big |
| गोल | gol | Round |
| चौक / चौरस | cɔk /cɔrəs | Square/Four side |
| तरकोन | tərkon | Triangle |
There are four types of words in the Dogri lexicon, tatsama or Sanskrit words, tadbhave or derived words from sanskrit, desi/local or from aborginal origin and foreign words. The examples of each type are given below Sanskrit or tatsama
| फल | phəl | Fruit |
| प्रमुख | prəmūkh | Main |
| सुविधा | sūbi ʹda | Facility |
| बेल्ला | bella | Time |
| यात्री | jatri | Traveler |
| पवित्तर | pəʋittər | Pious |
| सालग्राम | saləgram | Shaligram |
| जल | jəl | Water |
| पुश्प | pūʃpə | Flower |
| अक्खत | əkkhət | Rice |
| चन्न | From चन्द्र | Moon |
| कन्न | From कर्ण | Ear |
| सिंग | From श्रृंग | Horn |
| हाथी | From हस्ती | Elephant |
| कुत्थै | From कुत्र | Where |
| दंद | From दंत | Tooth |
| सञ | From संध्या | Dust |
| पैह्र | From प्रहार | Duration of three hours |
| मनुक्ख | From मनुष्य | Man |
| कम्म | From कर्म | Work, deed, job |
| मंदर | From सन्दिर | Temple |
| कताब | kətab | Book from Perso -Arabic |
| मेज | mej | Table |
| कमीज | kəmij | Shirt from Perso- Arabic |
| स्कूल | skul | School from English |
| रेडुआ | reɖūa | Radio from English |
| स्वैटर | sʋɛʈər | Sweater from English |
| जराबा | jərabã | Socks from Perso - Arabic |
| बूट | buʈ | Shoes from English |
| सूट | suʈ | Suit from English |
| कागज / काकल | kagəj/kakəl | Paper from Perso Arabic |
| कुर्सी | kūrsi | Chair |
| नफिट | nəfiʈ | Unfit from English |
| बोतल | botəl | Bottle |
| रेल | rel | Rail from English |
Copyright CIIL-India Mysore